자본주의 사회주의 대안적 경제 은퇴후: The new generation of migrant workers-wikiwand

The new generation of migrant workers-wikiwand

New generation of migrant workers Broadcast edit discuss4 Upload video
The new generation of rural workers refers to laborers born in 1980 or later, who have gone to cities to engage in non-agricultural production for 6 months or more, whose permanent residence is in the city and whose household registration is in the countryside, are industrial workers of the new era. They entered society very early, wandering between the city and the countryside, basically never engaged in agricultural production, and were not attached to the countryside like their parents did. They try to become like their peers in the city, but due to various factors such as economic income and education level, the city still has no sense of belonging for them.
On January 31, 2010, in the No. 1 Central Document No. 1 issued by the State Council in 2010, "Several Opinions on Increasing the Overall Planning of Urban and Rural Development and Further Consolidating the Foundation of Agricultural and Rural Development", the term "new generation of rural workers" was used for the first time. It also requires that targeted measures be taken to solve the problem of the new generation of rural workers and make the new generation of rural workers become citizens.
On August 16, 2021, the 2020 Beijing New Generation of Migrant Workers Monitoring Report was released: Monitoring data in 2020 shows that the new generation of migrant workers accounted for 50.1%, and the proportion of men was higher than that of women. Employment is concentrated in labor-intensive industries, and the proportion of the new generation of migrant workers engaged in information transmission, software and information technology services has increased significantly. [7]

Chinese nameMigrant WorkersTimePost-90s

content

1 Overview
2 Social Survey
3 Background
4 Difference from before
▪ The first generation of rural workers
▪ A new generation of rural workers
5 Consumption characteristics
6 Urban integration
7 Mentality
8 Training development
9 Crowd evaluation
10 face the challenge
11 related news
▪ help
▪ Other news
12 research report
▪ System Innovation
▪ Media reports
13 Marriage life
14 Social status

Overviewedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersThe new generation of rural workers who were born in 1980 or later and who have entered the city to engage in non-agricultural production for 6 months or more, whose permanent residence is in the city and whose household registration is in the countryside, are industrial workers of the new era. [1] Although they grew up in the countryside, many of the new generation of rural workers born in the 90s entered the society very early and went to work in the city after graduation. They have basically never engaged in agricultural production and are not as attached to the countryside as their parents. . They are eager to integrate into the city and sweat for it. They try to become like their peers in the city, but due to various factors such as economic income and education level, the city still has no sense of belonging for them. [2]
The new generation of rural workers has been used as a substitute for the frontline workers in China's production and manufacturing industries. A large number of them have flowed from the countryside to the cities, active and flowing in the front lines of the domestic large-scale production and manufacturing industries. The status quo of a major manufacturing country in China makes the new generation of rural workers different from traditional rural workers in their concepts and types of work. They have significant characteristics of the post-90s generation. Although they live on the fringe of the city, the spatial conflicts caused by the inherent lack of culture have brought new life. The group status of the local workers has become the focus of the contradiction of the mainstream social consciousness. [2]
Henan is China's largest rural industrial province, with more than 25 million people, of which more than 12 million are exported to other provinces. Rural workers have played an important role in China's economic development. With the shortage of labor and the needs of industrial upgrading, the overall quality of rural workers must be improved, otherwise it will only become a huge obstacle to industrial upgrading. Rural workers born in the 1980s and 1990s are working in cities, but they are basically isolated from urban culture. It is difficult to enjoy work achievements and urban mainstream culture, and they have been in the turmoil of blindly changing spaces and jobs for a long time. Industrial workers are the basic element and important force of any country's economic development. The post-80s and 90s rural workers must become the mainstream group of new towns and create the mainstream culture of such urban areas. To this end, it is first necessary to cultivate a common cultural system belonging to rural workers. [2]
In the context of the country’s strategy of transforming production to create a big country and industrial upgrading, Chinese rural workers have played an important role in the economic development of the past 30 years. With the needs of industrial upgrading, " cloud workers " came into being . This is the hallmark of the Republic’s new type of industrial workers, and the hallmark of high-quality, highly-skilled rural workers in the new era.
Monitoring data in 2020 show that the new generation of migrant workers accounted for 50.1%, and the proportion of men was higher than that of women. The proportion of men among the new generation of migrant workers was 66.3%, an increase of 4.6 percentage points over the previous year; the proportion of men was 32.5 percentage points higher than that of women, and an increase of 9.1 percentage points over the previous year. Employment is concentrated in labor-intensive industries, and the proportion of the new generation of migrant workers engaged in information transmission, software and information technology services has increased significantly. [7]

Social Surveyedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersPremier Wen Jiabao said when he was inspecting work in Beijing a few days ago that he should treat young rural workers like his own children and let them gradually integrate into city life. This has aroused greater concern in the society for the new generation of rural workers. The "post-80s" and "post-90s" have accounted for 60% of the total number of rural workers in my country. Compared with the previous generation of rural workers, the new generation of rural workers has a higher level of education, is eager to integrate into the city, attaches importance to social security, and has a stronger awareness of rights protection.
The city needs rural workers, but it doesn't seem to accept them well. According to the survey, the low labor contract signing rate, low participation rate of social insurance, and low wage levels are common among the new generation of rural workers. Corresponding to the "three lows" is the "three mores"-many work-related injuries and occupational diseases, many overtime, and many labor disputes. [3]
(1) The intuitive impression given to the investigators: The information they brought back through the first generation of rural workers was full of yearning for the city, and even some "post-80s" themselves went to school in the city with their parents who worked. Their way of thinking Taking the city as the coordinate is completely unfamiliar to the countryside. Judging from the way of thinking and behavior, they have completely left the countryside and become urban people who are different from their parents.
But on the other hand, compared with children of the same age in the city, they are not well-educated and lack higher education opportunities. Many people start to work as soon as they graduate from junior high school. They are just as spoiled as the urban children. They don't have the hardship and patience of their parents, look down on low-income physical work, and have no chance to find high-income jobs.
(2) Reasons for pursuing the "next city": "Post-80s" rural workers are "wandering" everywhere because they are dissatisfied with the status quo. This in itself is the market's adjustment of labor. However, because their own labor skills have not been improved as a result, mobility has not significantly improved their situation.
(3) The value of part-time work of the "post-80s": among the previous generation of rural workers, those who were willing to bring their children out to study, basically wanted to let their children jump out of the farm and enter the city; while the second generation of rural workers entered the city. The main reason for the city is to change his status as a farmer.
Many of the new generation of rural workers bring their families to work in the city. This has changed greatly from the situation of the older generation of rural workers "working alone". The resulting education problems for the children of rural workers have become increasingly prominent.
(4) The new generation of rural workers is highly eager for their children to receive a good education, but in reality they have many difficulties. my country's education system is "ranking schools and territorial management", which makes it difficult for the children of rural workers who do not have urban hukou to enjoy the same educational conditions as urban children.
Investigations show that private schools for children of rural workers approved by the Beijing Municipal Government, such as Xingzhi School and Anmin Primary School, have received funding from the China Youth Foundation and the " Project Hope " on many occasions . Some public schools have also formed "hand in hand" with them. Help object. However, the 150 parents surveyed did not have a high evaluation of the two schools. 57% of the parents believed that the quality of school teaching was average, 24% thought it was good, and only 17% thought it was very good. In fact, these are two relatively good schools for the children of rural workers in Beijing.

Backgroundedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersAfter China's reform and opening up, there have been three "migrant worker waves" that gave birth to the first and second generations of rural workers. China's reforms started in the countryside. From 1978, it took about four to five years to solve the food problem. Immediately thereafter, the problem of difficulty in selling grain for the first time appeared. The industrial structure of rural areas adjusted 70 million hectares of land to produce cash crops. This adjustment stimulated the development of rural processing industry, township enterprises flourished, and the first " migrant labor wave " Appeared.
Township and village enterprises have accepted more than 100 million rural migrant laborers. The first "migrant labor wave" used township and village enterprises as the destination for employment, which embodies the characteristics of "leaving the soil and not leaving the country, entering the factory but not entering the city". The development of township and village enterprises has become a strong competitor of the planning department, which has had an impact on the planning department. It is limited to specific concepts and the reform does not cherish the rare opportunity of rural urbanization. In 1988, after the emergence of panic buying and even a run, the state adopted a austerity policy. The first to be affected was small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises. After the township and village enterprises lost their financial support, there was a downturn in the early 1990s, and their ability to accept labor was greatly reduced. At this time, it coincided with the vigorous development of the development zone after the southern tour speech, coupled with the cancellation of the urban food supply system, in 1992 suddenly 40 million rural workers entered the city to work, and the second "migrant worker wave" appeared. The second "migrant worker boom" was different from the first, and the destination this time was the city. As a result of the household registration system and a series of institutional arrangements based on the household registration system, the city "economically absorbs and socially excludes" rural workers, and rural workers are at the edge of the city.
The entry of a large number of rural workers has greatly reduced labor costs. At the end of the last century, with the return of Hong Kong, the manufacturing industries of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan began to transfer to Guangdong on a large scale. Cheap labor, high-quality infrastructure and huge consumption potential have also made China's coastal areas a key undertaking for the transfer of international manufacturing. These factors have prompted The emergence of the third “migrant worker wave”, and since then, the number of migrant workers entering the city has continued to increase steadily. The number of migrant rural workers is increasing at a rate of 8-10 million each year. Currently, the total number of rural workers in cities is 120 million.
The migrant rural workers in the third stage have some new characteristics. They are no longer temporarily living in the city, but tend to live for a long time. The time of residence is also continuously extended, and there is a tendency for the family to migrate; The "representative rural workers" have almost no farming experience, and their identification with the city surpasses their identification with the countryside; the rural workers have awakened their awareness of rights protection and have begun to resort to law and public opinion to protect their rights and interests. At the same time, the social environment of the rural workers in the third stage has also been improved. People have begun to realize that rural workers have made great contributions to economic development and that they are modern "stakeholders" rather than bystanders.
The "migrant labor wave" is a major event in the history of modern Chinese social development. It was accompanied by industrialization and urbanization, broke through decades of unbreakable duality between urban and rural areas, and had a revolutionary impact on the entire social structure. It involves the choice of my country's modernization path, and to a certain extent determines China's future development. Since the emergence of the "migrant worker wave", it has received great attention from the government and academia, and different disciplines including sociology, economics, and demography have actively participated in the study of migrant rural workers.

Difference from beforeedit Broadcast

The first generation of rural workers

New generation of migrant workersPeople’s impressions are mostly "big bags, small bags and random hair." However, at the fourth "Migrant Workers Recruitment Fair " sponsored by this newspaper and other units , there appeared many "new generation" rural workers who were quite different from this. They are generally under the age of 25, speak standard Mandarin, and take out brand-name mobile phones from their bags from time to time; they have basically no farming experience and have a high level of education; they have a completely different outlook on life and employment from the previous generation of rural workers .

A new generation of rural workers
The “new generation of rural workers” no longer honestly stay in the dirtiest, most tiring, and most “promising” jobs, no longer save money and send them home, let alone earn enough money to return home. Build a house and marry a wife. When they are discriminated against, they will slam the door and leave.
Wang Chunguang, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, described them in a more "academic" language: 76% of the new generation of rural workers are unmarried; basically they have no experience in farming, and many of them went out directly after graduating from school, even Basic agricultural knowledge is lacking; from the point of view of motivation, they basically do not go out based on "survival rationality", but regard mobility more as an opportunity to change their lifestyles and seek better development.
The first generation of rural workers generally regarded earning a living as their first goal, and construction sites were their gathering place. The new second generation of rural workers focused on tertiary industry services , manufacturing, textiles , electronics and other industries, making money only Part of their purpose of going out to work. They hope to buy a house in the city and live like a city dweller.
Because they have more expectations, they tend to be more "critical" when looking for a job. "Although I come from a rural area, it does not mean that I have no requirements for the quality of life. I also need entertainment, make friends, and need to go online to learn about information from all over the country." Wang Yuming is 23 years old this year and graduated from junior high school. Intention, but because the unit is located in a remote area, it is inconvenient to surf the Internet and go out, so he refused.
"I have the skills and don't have to worry about work. I want to work in a large company. I used to take care of food and housing, but in the morning steamed buns and pickles are added with boiled water ; at noon all year round, I can't bear this kind of life." This is a second-generation rural worker who has been holding a wait-and-see attitude towards finding a job.
Many employers need these people, but they are also concerned about them. "Nowadays, many young people are a little unhappy in the factory, don't want to think about anything, and leave immediately." The head of a company's recruitment once said that some employers believe that the biggest problem with the second generation of rural workers is professionalism. Difference.

Consumption characteristicsedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersPersonal consumption expenditures are increasing rapidly, and they no longer become "ascetics" to save money-this is a distinctive feature that differs from their parents.
According to a sample survey by the Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Statistics , in the second quarter of 2009, the new generation of rural workers earned an average of 873 yuan per month, and only returned 232 yuan to their hometown. Nearly 80% of their wages were spent or kept by themselves. Up. They spend more than 10% of their income on cultural entertainment and telephone bills. While accepting the urban culture and way of life, the new generation of rural workers has also been affected by some bad habits and inherent bad habits, and phenomena such as "jiaozi rural workers" and " moonguang tribes " have appeared . Most of the new generation of rural workers entered the city directly after graduating from school. They have neither the mental preparation to bear hardships and stand hard work, nor the ability and spirit to bear hardships and stand hard work. They are over-pursuing a better life, and their character of hard work and thrift has gradually faded. The survey shows that 68.5% of people's income is mainly used for their own food, clothing, housing and transportation, their wages are rarely sent home, and 70% have mobile phones or PHSs. Some people admire enjoyment and focus on comparison. Irrational consumption concepts make the lives of rural workers with lower incomes even more troubled.
The forefront challenge facing the urbanization of rural workers in my country is the urbanization of the second generation of rural workers born after the 1980s. With the increase in the age of the first generation of rural workers and their gradual return to the countryside, the new generation of rural workers gradually entered the cities and became the main body of the rural workers. The social environment and family environment of these people's growth and their elders have undergone great changes:
1. They are also very different from the first generation of rural workers in terms of educational level, personality characteristics, main purpose of working, urban identity, lifestyle, job expectations, and economic connections with rural families.
2. Their "urban dreams" are also more persistent than their parents. Most of them are unwilling to return to the countryside to work in agriculture after several years of working life.
3. The vast majority of them have no farming experience or experience at all.

Urban integrationedit Broadcast

The new generation of migrant workers during the Spring Festival"Migrant workers" is the abbreviation for "township workers". From the perspective of social division of labor, peasants are originally a profession, but in China, peasants have had a strong color of hierarchy and identity since ancient times.
After the reform and opening up, the rapid increase in rural productivity has created a large amount of surplus labor in the rural areas that were already large in population and land. When the reform of the urban industrial and mining industry started, a large number of farmers poured into the cities to work. It was in the mid-1980s.
Cities welcome peasants into the city, but they are somewhat repulsive, even discriminatory, disgusting and contemptuous. Most of the peasants entering the cities do the hardest, most tiring, dirtiest, and least profitable jobs, which indeed fill many gaps in urban occupations, bring much convenience to urban residents, and promote the development of the urban economy ; however, farmers flock Entering the city has also brought about some social problems, causing urban residents to have a sense of exclusion towards them.
The economic and political treatment received by migrant workers is indeed “second-class workers” compared to workers with urban hukou. They have different pay for the same work, different rights for the same work, and different welfare guarantees for the same work. The managers of the employment units also treat them as alternative workers. Some cities even restrict them from entering certain industries and employment.
These phenomena not only clearly violate a series of rights for workers to enjoy equal employment, choose occupations, and obtain labor remuneration ; they also deviate from the civilized norms prevailing in modern society, do not conform to the equality rules of the market economy, and harm the dignity of a large number of social members. , Solidified the dual structure of urban and rural areas , hindered the normalization of urban development, and even contributed to the current polarization between the rich and the poor. It gives people a direct feeling that it magnifies the existing injustices in society.

Mentalityedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersFor most of the first-generation rural workers, they clearly know that they are just “passengers” in the city. They come from the countryside and their destination is also in the countryside.
For the new generation of rural workers, they often don't know where their future lies. They yearn for the city, but are not accepted by the city; their roots are in the countryside, but they are increasingly alienated from the countryside. For them, the city means a new way of life, a different future and a different destiny. They hope to bid farewell to the life of their ancestors who "face the loess and back the sky" through generations.
The experience of going out made them deeply aware of the huge difference between urban and rural areas, so they expressed the aspirations of "death in the city". However, the high cost of living in cities, strict household registration system, indifferent social discrimination and other tangible and invisible thresholds continue to shatter their urban dreams.
The influence of urban culture has continuously dispelled their emotional identification and social memory of their hometown, and the huge difference in their lifestyles has gradually made them no longer adapt to the rural lifestyle. In short, compared with the first generation of rural workers, they truly became "marginal people" who could neither enter the city nor return to the village. Therefore, they are unable to plan their lives, and the mentality of taking one step at a time and living by themselves is quite prevalent.

Training developmentedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersThe new generation of rural workers is more looking forward to future development. Most people have dreams of starting their own businesses, and they have a greater desire for the future than the first rural workers. They also have a certain plan for the future life track, but often because they like to enjoy, they always leave. My expected goal is far away.
Different from the first generation of rural workers whose main purpose is to survive, learning technology has become an important reason for the second generation of rural workers to go out to work. Most of them hope to have skills in order to seek a broader space for development. There are 56.9% of the second-generation rural workers who think that working is to make more money, but as many as 62.6% are planning to be bosses in the future. "Having your own business" is the highest ideal of many of them.
Because the second-generation rural workers have a higher level of education, they also have a strong need for cultural and spiritual life. Many people think that watching TV and newspapers are only lower-level spiritual needs, but because of their lower income, they You can only choose a cheaper way of cultural consumption. The survey shows that 31.2% of people choose to study outside of work, and 56.2% hope that local institutions can organize various skill trainings.
When choosing a job, the second generation of rural workers paid great attention to "respect for people", hoping to be respected by others and recognized by the society. In the survey, the second-generation rural workers were very satisfied with the control of overtime hours and humanized management by some companies, believing that they would be spiritually satisfied and have greater confidence and motivation in their work.
The survey shows that although the current urban management and services are far from the actual needs of young migrant workers, 27.4% of people still hope to stay in the city to participate in urban construction and share the fruits of urban development. Tan Jianguang , director of the Youth Research Institute of Guangdong Youth Leaders College, believes that this shows that the second generation of rural workers have a sense of identity and desire to integrate into the city. They hope to participate in various public activities in the city to reflect their value.
The "Migrant Worker Tide" arose at the beginning of reform and opening up. From the 1980s onwards, one after another restless figures, bid farewell to the "sunrise and sunset" life style, broke into unfamiliar towns without hesitation, and gathered into a breathtaking army of hundreds of millions of rural workers. . On the one hand, it seems that there is an ever-surging “migrant worker wave”, on the other hand, migrant workers have begun to return. In 2007, the export of labor services in Hunan reached 10.93 million, accounting for 30% of the total number of rural laborers. The army" returned home to start a business. According to incomplete statistics, at present, about 300,000 migrant workers in Hunan Province have returned to their hometowns to start businesses, established more than 33,000 "return-type" enterprises, and absorbed nearly 1.2 million rural laborers.
The life of the rural workers born in the 1980s is gradually being urbanized. They are gradually getting closer to the children in the city in terms of dressing, eating habits, values, conversation, and thinking. , Improving their own quality, perfecting the supporting policies for entering the city, etc. have become the subject of current government departments' thinking. Many local workers like Wan Chunshui never return after returning to their hometown. Replaced by young boys like Xiaojie. They are educated, they have ideas, and they are more restless. These wonderful stories of migrant workers born in the 1980s tell us a result, that is, going out, making money, returning to the hometown, building houses, and coming out again is not the only choice for migrant workers to go out to work. The road of life is getting wider and wider under the feet of migrant workers.

Crowd evaluationedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersToday’s rural migrants are no longer the same as yesterday’s rural migrants. The new generation of rural workers has grown into the main force of the rural migrants: they are “new” in their youth, and “new” in their absence. With farming experience, "Xin" is a stronger yearning and yearning for city life, "Xin" is less burdened by the family, Xin is literate, has a knowledgeable vision, and understands the city better.
In the face of the new generation of rural migrants, some of our cities are still "self-conscious" and indifferent, and even some cities are still thinking of ways to demolish "urban villages" so that migrants have no place to live, thus trying to disguise themselves. Force them to leave. We still do not see how the rural migrants can share the fruits of urban development and prosperity. Many cities do not treat rural migrants as low- and middle-income earners. The welfare policies designed for low- and middle-income people in cities, such as subsistence allowances, low-rent housing, and affordable housing, do not have their share.
Although the State Council has issued documents specifically for rural workers, requesting the governments of the influx to solve the problem of schooling for the children of rural migrants, the education departments in many cities still cannot solve the problem of schools for the children of rural workers.
On the one hand, the new generation of rural migrants want to leave the countryside permanently and are unwilling to return to live and settle in the countryside. On the other hand, they have no sense of "home" in the city and cannot find the key to integrating into the city. The city has constructed barriers against them. Some cities want to adjust the industrial structure and transform the " village in the city " so that the rural migrants will have no job opportunities and shelter, so that they will leave voluntarily. In fact, this is just wishful thinking. As long as there are still urban-rural duality and regional differences, then the prosperity of the city will attract rural migrants to the city. If a city treats the rural migrants who have made a huge contribution to its prosperity and development so mercilessly, in what way will the rural migrants "repay" it? How will it achieve harmony? How is a harmonious society possible?
The new generation of rural migrants will not " sit and wait to die ", they will always look for their survival and living space in the city. Under the rejection of urban society, they formed their own life circle and society. They cannot find recognition and value recognition in the urban mainstream society. Instead, they turn to the recognition of their own group and establish their own life circle and society. In this society, they rely on traditional resources such as fellow villagers, relatives and friends to maintain their internal Order, solve their own problems in their own way. In many cities, people from the same county or province have been living together and concentrated in the same industry, and there have even been various groups of fellow villagers occupying a world.
Some researchers have found that the recent decline in the number of petitions by rural migrants does not mean that they face fewer problems than before, but that they use their internal informal forces and methods to solve problems more. This is the result of urban exclusion. The exclusion of cities has made rural migrants more inclined to tap traditional internal resources to build their living order and circle, and to support their life and survival in the city. If things go on like this, the city will form a dual structure: mainstream society and marginal society. When the marginal society continues to expand, it will inevitably have a strong impact on the mainstream society, which will bring about isolation, tension, contradictions and disorder after the break, and urban residents will not have a stable life.
In order to avoid such evil results, every city should not exclude the rural migrants for immediate benefit, and can no longer continue to treat them as "passengers". The emergence and growth of a new generation of rural migrants has left cities with little Time to enjoy the "dividends" of the migrants, the room for continuing to rely on the cheap labor of the migrants in rural areas to maintain prosperity and development will become smaller and smaller. Therefore, only by giving rural migrants basic citizenship treatment and allowing them to share the fruits of urban reform, development and prosperity, can a city truly realize its ideals of living in harmony and social harmony and maintain sustainable development .
With the process of urbanization in China , from "selling hard work" to "struggling intelligence", from urban and rural amphibious to settled cities, from the one-way influx of cities to the beginning of returning to their hometowns to start businesses, the group of rural workers in China is undergoing radical changes. "The village girl is unwilling to grow rice and flax, and she is full of ambition and wisdom. The export of embroidered clothing shows her talents, and the streets are full of colors. Europe, America, Australia, Asia, Africa and Latin America, brand names are praised by merchants. Leading innovation and launching new products every year, wearing big flowers every year." It is a real-life story told by the poet Zuo Heshui in his hometown with the term "Partridge Day·Partnering Girl".

face the challengeedit Broadcast

New generation of migrant workersThe frontier and realistic challenges faced by the new generation of rural workers and their urbanization are prominently shown in:
(1) Their labor supply and employment behavior are obviously different from the first generation of rural workers. Migrant workers who grew up in different eras have different experiences and their own characteristics, which lead to different goals and preferences. Therefore, traditional research methods that only treat rural workers as homogeneous groups cannot understand the current rural labor market. Supply and demand situation. From an economic point of view, the difference between the new generation of rural workers and the first generation of rural workers in their utility and objective function leads to the existence of their labor supply function and the balance between supply and demand in the labor market and the demand of manufacturers. The phenomenon of " migrant labor shortage " appears due to "gap" .
(2) Their need for social security exceeds that of the first generation of rural and rural workers. In terms of mentality and concepts, the first generation of rural workers are closer to farmers and have a lower sense of identification with the city. Even when they cannot survive in the city, there is a last way out to return to the countryside to work in agriculture. The second generation of rural workers is closer to the citizens and has a higher sense of identity with the city. However, compared with urban labor, due to the lack of necessary professional skills and the ability to enter the formal job market, they have too high expectations and face. The informal job market has formed a huge gap. It is impossible to achieve a real foothold in the city, but it is unwilling or even unable to retreat to farming in the countryside, and has become a real "amphibious man" between the city and the countryside. The new generation of rural workers needs not only the protection of labor rights, but also the protection of the social unemployment relief network.
(3) If their citizenship problem cannot be resolved smoothly, it will directly affect the social stability of urban and rural areas. Compared with the first generation of rural workers, the second generation of rural workers is a group that needs more and is easier to be urbanized. They are more eager for the civilization of the city, and their consciousness and behavior are close to those of urban people, but they are still stuck in the ranks of migrant workers due to personal, institutional, and market reasons. As the second-generation rural workers enter the cities on a larger scale, if the “threshold” of citizenization cannot be crossed for a long time, they may cause serious social problems when they accumulate to a certain period and scale.

related newsedit Broadcast

help

The Communist Youth League Care Action to Help the New Generation of Migrant Workers (14 photos)
In May 2010, the Communist Youth League Central Committee launched the implementation of the "Communist Youth League Volunteer Service Action for Children of Rural Workers" (abbreviated as "Communist Youth League Care Action") across the country. As an important work content of the Communist Youth League in fulfilling its basic functions, embodying social responsibilities, and promoting social harmony, it organizes young volunteers to extensively carry out academic counseling, family companionship, feeling the city, self-care education, and loving donations in urban and rural areas across the country. Provide practical and effective help to the children of rural workers.
Since the “Communist Youth League’s Volunteer Service Action for Children of Rural Workers” was launched, league organizations and youth volunteer organizations at all levels and schools with more concentrated children of rural workers have established a “pairing + relay” mechanism to provide practical and effective services for children of rural workers. help. According to the information statistics system data of China Volunteer Network in November 2011, since the launch of the May Fourth Youth Day in 2010, the “Caring Action” has been implemented in 2786 counties, municipalities, and banners across the country, and the children of rural workers have been paired with more concentrated schools. 32 thousand. In more than 17,000 activity bases across the country, 436,000 volunteers have helped 730,000 children of rural workers through academic counseling, city experience, self-care education, family companionship, and loving donations. At present, there are 10,200 project commissioners across the country dedicated to "Caring Action".

In November 2011, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League will also implement the "Colorful Classroom" activity across the country, putting forward basic requirements for the time, frequency, and content of volunteer service for paired volunteer service teams each year. The paired children of rural workers who move with the city will receive no less than 25 times of voluntary service each year, and the children of rural left-behind workers who have been paired will receive no less than 15 times a year for a total of more than 30 hours. Of voluntary service. The whole activity is currently underway.
In the same period, the "Colorful House" project was carried out to equip the children of rural workers with computers, televisions, books, and various cultural and sports supplies. Let them make video calls with their parents who work outside, do their homework, learn to play the electronic piano under the guidance of young volunteers, and chat, talk, and play games with psychological counseling volunteers. At the same time, files of the children of rural workers and volunteer service files will be established, and the basic personal information of each of the children of rural workers and the situation of each activity carried out by the volunteer service team will be recorded.

Other news
"Take targeted measures to focus on solving the problem of the new generation of rural workers." This year's "No. 1 Document" released in full on Sunday included the "new generation of rural workers" issue for the first time. Although there are only 21 characters in the outline of the text, in the eyes of those who know it, the weight of this short 21 characters is extraordinary.
If we say that the six consecutive “No. 1 Documents” from 2004 to 2009 focused and focused on coping with the traditional challenges posed by the “three rural issues” and were committed to repaying the historical debts of the government and society to the “three rural issues”, then this year The "No. 1 Document" has begun to intensify reforms aimed at "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", responding to and resolving various "non-traditional challenges" brought about by the dynamic development of contradictions among the "agriculture, rural areas and farmers". From this year onwards, it is a wise move to face the "new generation of rural workers" and to gradually resolve the problem of "non-traditional challenges."
The "new generation of rural workers" currently refers to the new generation of rural workers represented by the post-80s and post-90s. They account for 60% of the current 150 million inter-provincial migrant rural workers, totaling approximately 9,000. Million people. As the process of urbanization (town) progresses, the total number of this social group is increasing rapidly at a rate of 8 to 9 million per year. Ten years or less, the total number of this group will exceed 200 million or more. In view of the fact that the process of urbanization (town) will continue for 30 to 40 years, and within 10 years, "post-00s" will continue to join it. If we continue to avoid the interests of this huge group, the evolution of Chinese society will not only have no harmony. In other words, there will be countless future troubles.
The “new generation of rural workers” includes not only the young labor force who grew up in the countryside, but also the young laborers of the “first generation of rural workers” who have reached employment age in urban areas. The problem with the former (for society) is that once this group leaves the countryside, even though it is extremely difficult to work in the city and suffer from various social discriminations caused by system injustices from time to time, it is necessary for them to return to the countryside to work in agriculture as a whole. Nothing is possible; the problem with the latter is that they grew up with their parents in the city (town), although their wandering life has caused them to generally fail to receive a good basic education and lack an overall job competition in the city (town). Advantages, but they are not familiar with agricultural production at all, and their roots in the countryside have actually been cut off. In short, they can no longer return to their "hometown" to become farmers...
Putting it into consideration in a specific period of time in history, it resolves many outstanding contradictions accumulated by the "new generation of rural workers" and still in continuous development-such as social security problems, public security deterioration problems, psychological identification problems with the city, between social class and do not agree with the problem, ethnic discrimination and social values, the difference puzzle, and so, the nature of co-ordination to resolve jointly brought by the city (town) of agricultural and labor productivity, the rural surplus labor force working in cities and life The most effective breakthrough to solve this problem is to start with the "new generation of rural workers" and through a series of social system and policy innovations, so that they (she) will be transformed into the "new generation" in batches. Citizens".
To allow the "new generation of rural workers" to realize the transformation of identity, in abstract terms, we must first break the dual structure of urban and rural society. Concretely speaking, it focuses on solving his (her) social insurance, medical insurance, loss of insurance, livelihood insurance, and education security issues in installments and batches. One is to include them in the social security and loss-of-insured system for urban employees , so that after they leave the land, they will be unemployed with a minimum guarantee, and when they retire, they will have the social plan for the elderly; ) We have medical care for our illnesses, and we can teach and learn (the current emphasis is on survival skills training and re-education); third, to ensure that their homes are the most important thing, to ensure that they (she) will eventually become The foundation of the "citizen" lies; fourth, for the post-80s rural workers, their children's preschool education and enrollment must also be mainly undertaken by the public education of the importing local government.
Following this line of thinking, I will go back and read carefully the series of policy arrangements in this year's "Document No. 1" on "focusing on solving the problem of the new generation of rural workers", which is exactly the same as the above-mentioned line of thinking. Although the implementation of the documents will inevitably be compromised, the "dynamic nature" of the "targeted measures" can be continuously supplemented and strengthened through the future "No. 1 Document". As long as clear-cut measures continue, the status conversion of the "new generation of rural workers" can be achieved in time. Hundreds of millions of "new generation rural workers" have a happy New Year, and this "happy" also covers the meaning of fulfilling next year, the year after... [4]

research reportedit Broadcast
Do not work long, change jobs frequently , have little room for development, and have low results. This is the current employment trend of rural workers in China summarized by the rural labor employment trend research group jointly formed by the Department of Sociology of Tsinghua University and the Gongzhong Research Center of Gongzhong. In short: most of the rural workers are doing part-time jobs.
On February 8, 2012, the Department of Sociology of Tsinghua University and Gongzhong.com released the "Research Report on the Employment Trend of Rural Workers' Short-term Employment" (hereinafter referred to as the "Report"). The report shows that short-term employment has become a fairly common trend in the current employment of rural workers, which is mainly reflected in the two characteristics of high mobility and horizontalization. This phenomenon is especially worthy of attention in the context of the current prominent social problems such as difficulty in recruiting and finding jobs.
Since October 2011, the task force for employment trends of rural workers has adopted scientific research methods and randomly selected 2043 rural workers from the nearly 3.6 million migrant workers from all over the country registered on Gongzhong.com for telephone interviews. This is the first standard-based large The sample survey describes the short-term employment trend of rural workers in China. The main findings and conclusions of the "Report" are as follows:
Horizontalization and high mobility coexist
The trend of short-term employment of rural workers in my country is manifested in two aspects: high mobility and horizontalization. The survey shows that 66% of rural workers have changed jobs, 25% have changed jobs within 7 months, and 50% have changed jobs within 1.8 years; the average duration of each job for rural workers is In 2 years, the time interval between the two jobs is about half a year. The survey also found that the trend of short-term labor is increasing year by year. The report shows that for rural workers who started their last job in 2004, the average work duration is about 4.3 years. However, for the local workers who started their last job in 2008, their work lasted only 2.2 years, a reduction of nearly half.
To understand the high flow of work among rural workers, we need to pay attention to another important feature of their employment—levelization. The survey shows that at present, the room for rural workers in my country to gain internal improvement in the employers is quite limited, and more than one-third of the rural workers have not improved their salary, skills and management level during their last job. To a certain extent, this pattern is related to the high turnover of rural workers. From the survey results, more than 60% of rural workers chose to quit their jobs because they were not satisfied with the conditions of the employer, especially among the new generation of rural workers. However, the flow of rural workers among employing units is also horizontal, and most of the rural workers have not gained the promotion of their professional status after changing jobs. The survey shows that although 42% of rural workers have increased their salaries after changing jobs, only 11% have improved their skills, and 15% have not improved their salaries, skills, and development prospects. That is to say, although the high turnover of work has brought certain improvements in salary and benefits to rural workers, the improvement in management level and technical level is quite limited, showing a pattern of horizontal development. And analysis shows that this trend has no significant differences in factors such as generation, gender, education level, and professional skills.
There are certain differences in the phenomenon of short-term labor within the rural labor group
Due to differences in age, gender, education level, etc., the trend of part-time labor has shown a certain degree of differentiation among rural workers. In terms of generations, the trend of short-term labor increases with age, and the trend of short-term labor for the new generation of rural workers is stronger. According to the survey results, compared with the rural workers born before 1980, the average duration of the first, last and each job of the rural workers born after 1980 has been reduced from 4.6 years to 1.7 years, respectively. 4.0 years reduced to 1.5 years, 4.2 years reduced to 1.5 years. The rural workers born after 1980 also showed great differences: Compared with the rural workers born in 1981, the average duration of the first, last and each job of the rural workers born in 1991 was changed by 3.2 years reduced to 1.0 years, 2.5 years reduced to 1.0 years, 2.7 reduced to 0.9 years. In addition, the later the first employment time, the shorter the duration of the first job.
In terms of gender, the trend of part-time employment of female rural workers is more obvious. The survey data shows that the average working time of male rural workers is 2.3 years, while that of women is only 1.6 years; the average age of female rural workers is 3 years younger than that of men, and the average working time is 2.4 years shorter than that of men. This shows that female rural workers generally can only occupy a place in the labor market when they are relatively young, unmarried and have no childbearing; in addition, the proportion of rural workers receiving wage increases through occupational mobility is originally quite low, and the proportion of women is higher than that of men. About 10 percentage points lower. It can be said that the gender factor of first-endowment plays an important role in the internal inequality of rural workers, and women are in a more vulnerable position.
What is thought-provoking is that from the survey, acquired efforts have not been able to overcome the plight of local workers' short-term labor. According to the report, the average working time per job is 1.2 years for rural workers with tertiary education, 2.1 years for junior high school graduates, and 2.2 years for high school/secondary/high vocational graduates. Compared with the first job, the current job is, The proportion of rural workers with tertiary education to increase their salaries is 9% lower than that of rural workers with high school, technical secondary school, or higher vocational education. Compared with the previous job, the proportion of rural workers with nationally recognized vocational qualification certificates/technical level certificates has no significant difference in the salary increase rate compared with uncertified rural workers. Certificated rural workers are improving their skills It has a slight advantage in terms of its own development prospects, but this relative advantage is not statistically significant. This shows to a certain extent that higher education levels have brought higher expectations of professional status and corresponding income, which has made highly educated rural workers present a more obvious trend of part-time labor.

System Innovation
The phenomenon of short-term labor has become more and more obvious in recent years. On the one hand, the work of rural workers is extremely unstable and in a state of rapid change. On the other hand, their job flow is basically horizontal, which is not conducive to guaranteeing the employment of rural workers. Rights and personal development are also not conducive to promoting enterprise production and development and maintaining social stability. Regarding the results of this survey, the research team leader and Professor Yuan Shen from the Department of Sociology of Tsinghua University pointed out that in order to solve the problem of short-term labor, it is necessary to fundamentally adjust the current rural labor production system characterized by the separation of labor maintenance and reproduction. . It is reported that another study on the new generation of rural workers led by Professor Shen Yuan will be released soon, which will provide an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the production system of such rural workers and the problems faced under the new situation.
Of course, system adjustment is a long-term task. Li Jiuxin, president of Gongzhong.com, believes that from the current point of view, the breakthrough in the problem of short-term labor lies in the job introduction of rural workers, building an information docking platform between rural workers and enterprises, and shortening the waiting time of rural workers, thereby Reduce the negative impact of short-term labor on rural workers and social stability.

Media reports
Workers’ Daily "Tendency of Short-term Employment of Rural Workers" [5]
China Business News "The obvious short-term labor of rural workers in the production system needs to be adjusted urgently"
Beijing Youth Daily "Post-90s Rural Workers Work Less Than One Year"
21st Century Business Herald "Low Salary, Lack of Security: New Generation of Rural Workers Short-term Employment"
Economic Information Daily "Report Shows Increasing Short-term Employment of Rural Workers"
Entrepreneur "The Trend of Employment of Rural Workers Is Intensifying"
The Beijing News "The average job of each local worker is less than 2 years."
China Economic Times "Survey shows that most of the rural workers are doing part-time jobs"
Evening News "Short-term labor forces the long-term protection of rights and interests"

Marriage lifeedit Broadcast
Getting a family and starting a business is a major event in life, but for the new generation of rural workers with close to 100 million people, this wonderful thing is a bit "heavy." Studies have shown that they face many obstacles in marriage and love issues, such as low income, long working hours, lack of social opportunities, and so on. [6]
Compared with their parents, the new generation of rural workers is farther away from the countryside, but not necessarily closer to the city. The urban experience makes their view of marriage and love more modern, but they lack the support of the corresponding social environment. Talking about a free relationship and setting up a cozy little home is a bit of luxury for them. Considering the huge number of this group, this seemingly small problem of personal choice is actually a serious social problem. We are concerned about this issue and look forward to a more reasonable institutional arrangement to help these young people prop up a loose space for marriage and love.
According to statistics, the total number of new-generation migrant workers born in 1980 and later in my country is about 84.87 million, accounting for 58.4% of the total number of migrant workers. Whether such a large group can successfully find a spouse and start a new family at the critical age of starting a family is directly related to social stability.

Social statusedit Broadcast
On August 16, 2021, the 2020 Beijing New Generation of Migrant Workers Monitoring Report was released: Monitoring data for 2020 shows that the new generation of migrant workers accounted for 50.1%, and the proportion of men was higher than that of women. The proportion of men among the new generation of migrant workers was 66.3%, an increase of 4.6 percentage points from 2019; the proportion of men was 32.5 percentage points higher than that of women, and an increase of 9.1 percentage points from the previous year. Employment is concentrated in labor-intensive industries, and the proportion of the new generation of migrant workers engaged in information transmission, software and information technology services has increased significantly. The top five industries in terms of employment in 2020 are residential services, repairs and other services, manufacturing, construction, wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering, absorbing 67.2% of the new generation of migrant workers. [7]

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