Showing posts with label Venesuela. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Venesuela. Show all posts

Tuesday, January 6, 2026

Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela 2015

Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela : Velasco, Alejandro: Amazon.com.au: Books


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Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela Paperback – Illustrated, 24 July 2015
by Alejandro Velasco (Author)
4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (18)


Beginning in the late 1950s political leaders in Venezuela built what they celebrated as Latin America's most stable democracy. But outside the staid halls of power, in the gritty barrios of a rapidly urbanizing country, another politics was rising-unruly, contentious, and clamoring for inclusion.

Based on years of archival and ethnographic research in Venezuela's largest public housing community, Barrio Rising delivers the first in-depth history of urban popular politics before the Bolivarian Revolution, providing crucial context for understanding the democracy that emerged during the presidency of Hugo Chávez.

In the mid-1950s, a military government bent on modernizing Venezuela razed dozens of slums in the heart of the capital Caracas, replacing them with massive buildings to house the city's working poor. The project remained unfinished when the dictatorship fell on January 23, 1958, and in a matter of days city residents illegally occupied thousands of apartments, squatted on green spaces, and renamed the neighborhood to honor the emerging democracy: the 23 de Enero (January 23).

During the next thirty years, through eviction efforts, guerrilla conflict, state violence, internal strife, and official neglect, inhabitants of el veintitrés learned to use their strategic location and symbolic tie to the promise of democracy in order to demand a better life. Granting legitimacy to the state through the vote but protesting its failings with violent street actions when necessary, they laid the foundation for an expansive understanding of democracy-both radical and electoral-whose features still resonate today.

Blending rich narrative accounts with incisive analyses of urban space, politics, and everyday life, Barrio Rising offers a sweeping reinterpretation of modern Venezuelan history as seen not by its leaders but by residents of one of the country's most distinctive popular neighborhoods.
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Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela


Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments

Introduction: A History of Place and Nation

PART ONE. Landscapes of Opportunity
1. Dictatorship’s Blocks: The Battle for the New Urban Venezuela
2. Democracy’s Projects: Occupying the Spaces of Revolution

PART TWO. Paths to Democracy
3. From Ballots to Bullets: The Rise of Urban Insurgency, 1958–1963
4. “The Fight Was Fierce”: Uncertain Victories in the Streets and the Polls, 1963–1969

PART THREE. Streets of Protest
5. Water, Women, and Protest: The Return of Local Activism, 1969–1977
6. “A Weapon as Powerful as the Vote”: Seizing the Promise of Participation, 1979–1988
7. Killing Democracy’s Promise: A Massacre of People and Expectations
Conclusion: Revolutionary Projects

Appendix
Notes
Bibliography
Index






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Review
"An effective account of urban popular politics in modern Venezuela. It is very well researched and reads well. It is a must read for anyone interested in contemporary Venezuela and for students of urban politics in general."-- "American Historical Review"

"No study has explored the pre-1989 relationship between the democratic state and the urban poor in such a finely-grained and insightful manner as Velasco's study. This is a landmark book in Venezuelan social and political history and in Latin American urban history."-- "Journal of Social History"

"This is an exemplary effort of combining archival and ethnographic research to demystify one of Venezuela's most politically charged neighborhoods, and in doing so, provides crucial insights into the country's often volatile and complex political history. Barrio Rising should appeal to both specialists and the general public, possessing the rare quality of being highly accessible and scholarly in equal measure."-- "Latin Americanist"

"Velasco's complex engagement with the everyday practice of politics is a model of good urban history . . . [providing] great comparative potential well beyond its contribution to defining urban popular politics in Latin America. . . . Barrio Rising makes the important point that incomplete promises create lasting legacies in the built environment and in politics."-- "Planning Perspectives"

"While Velasco sticks closely to the Venezuelan context throughout his book, he nonetheless tells a story that resonates broadly with processes of urbanization throughout the global south, especially in Latin America. The book analyzes complex dynamics in engaging, compelling prose through a fascinating case study that is suitable for advanced undergraduates. The book also offers fresh and instructive insights on politics, in/formality, poverty and mass urbanization that should be of broad interest to scholars not only in Latin American history, but also in anthropology, sociology, and urban studies. It will be a crucial reference point for urban popular politics in Venezuela and beyond."-- "City & Society"

"With this study of urban life in the four decades between the fall of Marco Pérez Jiménez's authoritarian regime and the Caracazo, Velasco presents an innovative historical survey of lived experience at the literal and metaphoric heart of Caracas politics. Working from public records and extensive interviews, Velasco narrates the vicissitudes of political mobilization and governmental strategies intended to foster popular support. Through transitions to democratic elections, post-Cuban revolution activity, popular action, and looming neoliberal policies, the focus remains on the residents of these buildings. The book prompts reflection on Chavismo and the imprint of architectural modernity beyond the famous profiles of Brasilia and writes the people of Caracas into the story of Latin America's 20th century. Highly recommended." -- "CHOICE"
From the Inside Flap
"This is a landmark book in Venezuelan social and political history and in Latin American urban history."--Journal of Social History
"Alejandro Velasco's compelling history of one of Venezuela's most symbolically charged urban neighborhoods illuminates the possibilities and contradictions of Venezuela's postwar politics. No other English-language study has so effectively analyzed the complexity of popular engagement with Venezuelan democracy in the decades preceding Chavismo."--Brodwyn Fischer, author of A Poverty of Rights: Citizenship and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro
"This book just might 'crack the code' on Venezuela, an enigmatic country that resists easy understanding. It will surely become a reference point for understanding Latin American politics and social movements."--David Smilde, author of Reason to Believe: Cultural Agency in Latin American Evangelicalism

"With this study of urban life in the four decades between the fall of Marco Pérez Jiménez's authoritarian regime and the Caracazo, Velasco presents an innovative historical survey of lived experience at the literal and metaphoric heart of Caracas politics. Working from public records and extensive interviews, Velasco narrates the vicissitudes of political mobilization and governmental strategies intended to foster popular support. Through transitions to democratic elections, post-Cuban revolution activity, popular action, and looming neoliberal policies, the focus remains on the residents of these buildings. The book prompts reflection on Chavismo and the imprint of architectural modernity beyond the famous profiles of Brasilia and writes the people of Caracas into the story of Latin America's 20th century."--CHOICE

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Publisher ‏ : ‎ University of California Press
Publication date ‏ : ‎ 24 July 2015
Print length ‏ : ‎ 344 pages

Best Sellers Rank: 1,056,410 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)41 in History of Venezuela
587 in Sociology of Urban Areas (Books)
Customer Reviews:
4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (18)


Juan Andres Misle

5.0 out of 5 stars Came in very good conditions and earlier than expected

Reviewed in the United States on 29 January 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

Came in very good conditions and earlier than expected. 

Great read for anyone interested in social dynamics and relations among the iconic slums in Caracas, particularly the 23 de Enero neighborhood. Thanks mandycoot

"A historian says hysteria is like a platform where everything that happens to us bounces back, preventing what we live through from becoming experience. This means we are constantly on the surface, never reaching deeper, never gazing inward, unable to link our past to the history of man on earth. Unmoored from any sense of history that might offer us lessons or comfort in moments of crisis, anxieties are met not with nuance but with hyperbole: at hand is always either utopia or apocalypse, nothing in between."

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Dragon in the Tropics: Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chavez 2016 : Corrales, Javier, Penfold, Michael: Amazon.com.au: Kindle Store

Dragon in the Tropics: Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chavez eBook : Corrales, Javier, Penfold, Michael: Amazon.com.au: Kindle Store

Kindle$42.36
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Paperback$45.04









Dragon in the Tropics: Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chavez 
by Javier Corrales (Author), Michael Penfold (Author) Format: Kindle Edition


4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (33)

This new and expanded edition of Dragon in the Tropics—the widely acclaimed account of how president Hugo Chávez (1999–2013) revamped Venezuela’s political economy—examines the electoral decline of Chavismo after Chavez’s death and the policies adopted by his successor, Nicolás Maduro, to cope with the economic chaos inherited from previous radical populist policies. Corrales and Penfold argue that Maduro has had to struggle with the inherent contradictions of a large and heterogeneous social coalition, a declining oil sector, the strength of entrenched military interests, and fewer resources to appease international allies, which have strenghtened the autocratic features of an already consolidated hybrid regime. In examining the new political realities of Venezuela, the authors offer lessons on the dynamics of succession in hybrid regimes. This book is a must-read for scholars and analysts of Latin America.
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Print length

494 pages
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From other countries

Valentino
5.0 out of 5 stars Molto bene
Reviewed in Italy on 22 September 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Il libro è arrivato molto in anticipo, rispetto alle 2 settimane previste in meno di una settimana era già arrivato. Il libro è esattamente come descritto dalla descrizione.
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Alejandro
5.0 out of 5 stars Must be read
Reviewed in the United States on 3 December 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
I grew up watching all these dramatic changes in my country. Amazing book
2 people found this helpful
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wendysjim219
4.0 out of 5 stars Good synopsis of great peril.
Reviewed in the United States on 12 June 2017
Verified Purchase
Very informative story of how Venezuela got in its present predicament. Similar to US History, there was a lack of patriotic love of country for the "What's in it for me?" mentality. Power corrupts. etc.
One person found this helpful
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====

<책 정보(짧게)>
<Javier Corrales & Michael Penfold, Dragon in the Tropics>는 

1판(2011, 195쪽)에서 차베스 집권(특히 1999–2009)을 중심으로 “정치체제 변형”의 동학을 설명하고, 

2판(확장판, 2015, 224쪽)은 차베스 사후 차비스모의 선거적 약화와 마두로 시기의 권력·연합·자원 조건을 덧붙입니다. JSTOR+3Brookings+3Brookings+3


<1,000단어 요약>

이 책의 출발점은 단순합니다. 차베스는 ‘선거’를 통해 정권을 잡았고, 상당 기간 ‘선거’를 통해 정당성을 재생산했는데, 동시에 베네수엘라의 정치 체제는 점점 <다원적 민주주의에서 하이브리드(반경쟁적 선거체제) 쪽으로> 이동했다는 점입니다. 저자들은 이 변화를 “카리스마 지도자”나 “이념(좌/우)”만으로는 설명할 수 없다고 보고, 정치제도(특히 견제·균형)와 석유렌트가 결합할 때 나타나는 구조적 유인을 중심에 놓습니다. Brookings+1

저자들이 먼저 겨냥하는 것은 널리 퍼진 두 가지 통설입니다. (1) 차비스모의 부상은 ‘자유민주주의 자체의 실패’ 때문이라는 주장, (2) 경제 파탄은 ‘신자유주의’가 낳은 결과라는 주장입니다. 이 책은 둘 다를 정면으로 비튼 뒤, 대안적 설명을 제시합니다. 즉 베네수엘라의 취약성은 석유 의존이 만드는 거시경제 변동성, 정당체계의 분열과 내부투쟁, 금융위기 대응 과정에서의 국가 역량/정책 실패가 권력 집중을 부추긴 점, 그리고 1997년 아시아 금융위기가 차베스의 집권 도전과 맞물리며 경제·정치 불안이 증폭된 점 등 ‘제도+정치경제의 결합’에서 나왔다는 것입니다. Brookings

<1장(핵심): 권력 장악과 하이브리드 체제의 형성>
책의 핵심 장은 “Power Grabbing and the Rise of a Hybrid Regime (1999–2009)”입니다. JSTOR 저자들은 차베스가 단번에 독재로 ‘전환’했다기보다, 선거의 연속 속에서 <게임의 규칙을 조금씩 바꾸고, 상대의 경쟁력을 잠식하는 방식>으로 권력을 장악해 갔다고 봅니다. 중요한 것은 ‘대중 지지’ 자체보다, 그 지지가 제도적으로 어떤 경로를 통해 “권력 비대칭”으로 굳어지느냐입니다. 저자들은 베네수엘라에서 그 비대칭을 가능하게 한 요인으로 <약한 견제·균형>을 지목합니다. 행정부가 석유렌트를 추출·배분하며 지지 연합을 유지하는 동안, 다른 제도(의회·사법·감시기구 등)가 그 과정을 효과적으로 제약하지 못했다는 논지입니다. Brookings

<2장: 경제정책과 ‘석유 꿀단지’>
다음 장 “Economic Policy and the Oil Honey Pot”은 왜 석유가 ‘자원저주’ 같은 왜곡을 낳을 수 있는지 인정하면서도, 석유만으로는 차베스의 부상과 체제 변형을 충분히 설명할 수 없다고 말합니다. Brookings+1 저자들의 포인트는, 석유가 ‘돈’이기 때문에가 아니라 <그 돈을 통제·배분하는 권력의 구조>가 취약했기 때문에 효과가 증폭됐다는 것입니다. 다시 말해 “석유=원인”이 아니라 “석유렌트를 둘러싼 제도적 비대칭=증폭장치”라는 프레이밍입니다. Brookings

<3장: ‘제도적 자원저주’와 PDVSA 장악>
“Institutional Resource Curse: Seizing Political Control of PDVSA”는 국영석유회사(PDVSA)에 대한 정치적 통제 장악을 ‘경제 운영’이 아니라 ‘체제 운영’의 관점에서 다룹니다. JSTOR 석유 부문에 대한 통제는 단순한 산업정책이 아니라, 재정·외교·사회정책의 재원을 한 손에 쥐는 행위이며, 따라서 권력 비대칭을 구조화하는 핵심 고리라는 설명입니다(저자들은 이를 “resource curse”의 제도적 변형으로 제시). Brookings+1

<4장: 대외정책—소프트 밸런싱과 ‘사회-권력 외교’>
“Venezuela’s New Foreign Policy: Soft-Balancing and Social-Power Diplomacy”는 차베스의 대외정책을 단순한 반미/친동맹 구도로만 보지 않고, 석유와 사회정책을 외교 자산으로 결합하는 방식(저자 표현으로 ‘soft-balancing’과 ‘social-power diplomacy’)에 주목합니다. JSTOR 즉 국내에서 형성된 ‘분배-동원-정당성’의 논리가 국외에서도 특정한 연대·영향력 전략으로 확장되었다는 해석입니다. JSTOR

<결론과 2판(확장판)의 추가>
1판 결론은 “Hybrid Regimes and Populism in Venezuela and Beyond”로, 베네수엘라 사례를 하이브리드 체제/포퓰리즘 논의와 연결합니다. JSTOR 2판은 여기서 더 나아가 비교 관점 장을 보태고, “Dragon No More: The Politics of Succession …” 등 차베스 사후 승계 위기와 대외 연계, 국내 파벌 경쟁을 다루며, 마두로 시기에는 연합의 이질성, 석유 부문 하락, 군부 이해관계, 국제 동맹을 달래기 위한 자원 부족 등이 겹치며 기존 하이브리드 체제의 <비경쟁성/권위주의적 특징이 강화>됐다고 정리합니다. JSTOR+1


<평론(비판적 코멘트 포함)>

<장점>

  1. 이 책의 가장 큰 강점은 “차베스=인물”에서 “차비스모=체제의 작동방식”으로 초점을 옮긴 점입니다. 선거·분배·제도 약화가 서로를 강화하는 회로를 꽤 설득력 있게 보여줍니다. 특히 저자들이 통설(민주주의 탓/신자유주의 탓)을 그대로 받지 않고, 정당체계 분열·위기 대응·견제/균형의 취약성 같은 ‘중간 메커니즘’을 복원하려는 태도는 생산적입니다. Brookings

  2. 석유를 “모든 것의 원인”으로 과잉설명하지 않으면서도, 석유렌트 통제의 제도적 의미를 핵심축으로 놓아 베네수엘라를 이해하는 데 필요한 최소 구조를 제공합니다. Brookings+1

  3. 2판에서 승계(차베스 사후)라는 난제를 별도 주제로 다룬 점도 좋습니다. 하이브리드 체제의 “후계 안정성”은 많은 국가에서 반복되는 문제인데, 이를 베네수엘라 사례로 교훈화하려는 의도는 분명합니다. Brookings+1

<한계/보완점>

  1. 이 책은 본질적으로 ‘제도-정치경제’에 강점이 있는 대신, 현장 사회의 감정 구조(계급·인종·지역·정체성), 풀뿌리 조직의 자율성, 사회정책이 개인의 삶에서 가진 다층적 의미(존엄, 시민성 경험 등)는 상대적으로 덜 촘촘합니다. 그래서 차비스모 지지의 “왜”는 잘 설명하지만, 지지가 “어떤 삶의 경험으로 체화되는지”는 다른 르포·민족지와 함께 읽는 편이 좋습니다.

  2. 또 “견제·균형의 약화”를 핵심 원인으로 두는 프레임은 강력하지만, 반대로 말하면 <국가가 왜 그 취약한 제도를 장기간 방치/재생산했는가>—정당들의 조직문화, 사법·관료 엘리트의 이해관계, 국제금융·지역정치의 장기 압력 같은 요인은 상대적으로 요약적으로 처리될 수 있습니다.

  3. 마지막으로 2판(2015)까지의 업데이트는 ‘승계-연합-자원’의 큰 그림을 주지만, 이후의 급격한 경제·사회 붕괴 국면(더 뒤의 사건들)을 체계적으로 따라가려면 2020년대의 붕괴 분석서(예: 현장 취재 기반)로 이어 읽어야 합니다. (이 점은 책의 결함이라기보다 출간 시점의 한계입니다.) Brookings+1

<누구에게 특히 좋은가>
차베스를 “찬양/비난”으로 소비하기보다, <왜 선거를 하면서도 경쟁이 약해지는가>, <왜 석유국가에서 행정부 권력이 과잉팽창하는가>, <승계 국면에서 왜 더 경직되는가> 같은 질문에 답을 찾는 독자에게 가장 잘 맞습니다. 학술서와 대중서의 중간 정도 톤이라, 연구자·저널리스트·정책 분석가용 ‘기본 뼈대’로도 유용합니다. Brookings+1


원하시면, 같은 1,000단어 분량으로 <이 책의 주장 6–8개를 “찬반 쟁점” 형태로 재구성>해서(예: ‘석유 vs 제도’, ‘대중지지 vs 권력비대칭’, ‘포퓰리즘의 본질’ 등) 세진님 스타일의 비평 메모로 만들어드릴게요.



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제공해주신 책 <Dragon in the Tropics: Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chavez> (제2판, 2015)에 대한 1,000단어 분량의 요약 및 평론입니다.

이 책은 하비에르 코랄레스(Javier Corrales)와 마이클 펜폴드(Michael Penfold)가 저술하였으며, 베네수엘라의 우고 차베스 정권이 어떻게 민주주의 제도를 내부에서부터 잠식하여 '하이브리드 체제(Hybrid Regime)'를 구축했는지, 그리고 그 유산이 어떻게 후임자 니콜라스 마두로에게 경제적·정치적 재앙으로 이어졌는지를 정치경제학적 관점에서 분석한 명저입니다.


<요약: 민주주의는 어떻게 합법적으로 무너지는가>

이 책의 핵심은 차베스주의(Chavismo)가 단순한 군사 독재나 전형적인 포퓰리즘과는 다르다는 점을 규명하는 데 있습니다. 저자들은 차베스 정권을 <경쟁적 권위주의(Competitive Authoritarianism)> 혹은 <하이브리드 체제>로 정의합니다. 이는 선거라는 민주적 절차는 유지하되, 기울어진 운동장을 만들어 실질적인 정권 교체가 불가능하도록 설계된 시스템을 의미합니다.

1. 제도의 밀어내기 (Institutional Crowding Out)

저자들은 차베스가 권력을 공고히 한 핵심 메커니즘을 <제도적 밀어내기>라고 부릅니다. 차베스는 과거의 독재자들처럼 의회를 탱크로 밀어버리거나 헌법을 즉각 폐기하지 않았습니다. 대신 그는 압도적인 선거 승리를 바탕으로 헌법을 개정하고, 사법부, 선거관리위원회, 중앙은행 등 견제 기관들을 자신의 충성파로 채워 넣었습니다. 야당과 시민사회가 존재는 하되, 그들이 정부를 견제할 수 있는 법적·제도적 수단은 헌법 개정과 법률 변경을 통해 합법적으로 무력화되었습니다.

2. 양극화의 전략적 활용

차베스는 베네수엘라 사회의 빈부 격차와 인종적 분열을 치유하기보다는 이를 정치적 자산으로 활용했습니다. 그는 지지층(빈민층)과 반대층(중산층, 엘리트, 전통적 노조) 사이의 갈등을 의도적으로 격화시켰습니다. 저자들은 이를 <전략적 양극화>라고 분석합니다. 국가를 '혁명 세력' 대 '반역자(올리가르히)'의 대결 구도로 만듦으로써, 차베스는 중간지대를 없애고 자신의 지지층을 결집시켰습니다. 이러한 대결 구도 속에서 반대파에 대한 탄압은 '혁명 수호'라는 명분으로 정당화되었습니다.

3. 석유 포퓰리즘과 경제의 정치화

책은 베네수엘라의 비극이 단순한 유가 하락 때문만이 아니라고 지적합니다. 차베스는 국영 석유기업 PDVSA를 전문 경영 체제에서 정치적 도구로 변질시켰습니다. 석유 수익은 산업 재투자 대신, 차베스의 지지 기반을 다지는 사회적 미션(Misiones)과 맹목적인 충성파를 양성하는 데 쓰였습니다. 더 치명적인 것은 <경제의 정치화>였습니다. 차베스는 민간 부문을 적대시하며 무분별한 국유화와 외환 통제를 단행했습니다. 이는 민간 기업을 억압하여 야당의 자금줄을 끊으려는 정치적 계산이 깔려 있었으나, 결과적으로 국내 생산 기반을 파괴하고 수입 의존도를 극단적으로 높여 경제 구조를 취약하게 만들었습니다.

4. 차베스의 유산과 마두로의 딜레마

2015년 개정판(Legacy of Hugo Chavez)에서 추가된 중요한 분석은 차베스 사후의 상황입니다. 차베스는 마두로에게 권력을 물려주었지만, 동시에 <시한폭탄>을 안겨주었습니다.

  1. 재정 고갈: 오일머니를 방만하게 사용하여 국고가 비었습니다.

  2. 제도 붕괴: 갈등 해결을 위한 중립적 제도가 전무했습니다.

  3. 카리스마의 부재: 차베스는 개인적 카리스마로 이 모순들을 봉합해왔으나, 마두로는 그럴 능력이 없었습니다. 결국 마두로는 줄어든 자원과 부족한 정당성 속에서 체제를 유지하기 위해, 차베스보다 더 노골적이고 폭력적인 억압에 의존할 수밖에 없는 구조적 필연성을 가지게 되었습니다.


<평론: 21세기형 독재의 교과서>

<Dragon in the Tropics>는 베네수엘라 사태를 다룬 수많은 책 중에서도 가장 학술적으로 탄탄하며 분석적인 틀을 제공하는 책으로 평가받습니다. 이 책의 가치는 단순히 '누가 나빴다'를 넘어 '어떤 메커니즘으로 시스템이 망가졌는가'를 해부했다는 점에 있습니다.

1. '선거 독재'의 메커니즘 규명

이 책의 가장 큰 공헌은 <민주주의가 민주적 절차에 의해 파괴되는 과정>을 적나라하게 보여주었다는 점입니다. 많은 사람들이 독재를 군부 쿠데타와 연관 짓지만, 코랄레스와 펜폴드는 21세기의 독재가 '선거'와 '법치(법에 의한 지배)'를 통해 완성됨을 증명합니다. 차베스는 선거에서 이길 때마다 헌법을 고쳐 권력을 집중시켰고, 이를 <국민의 뜻>이라고 포장했습니다. 이 책은 포퓰리즘 지도자가 어떻게 다수결 원칙을 악용하여 소수파의 권리와 제도의 견제 기능을 말살하는지 보여주는 정치학적 교과서와 같습니다.

2. 경제 정책의 정치적 동기 해석

보통 베네수엘라의 경제 파탄을 '무능'의 결과로 봅니다. 하지만 이 책은 그것이 철저하게 계산된 <정치적 생존 전략>의 결과임을 통찰합니다. 차베스 정권이 경제 효율성을 희생하면서까지 환율 통제와 국유화를 고집한 이유는, 경제권을 국가가 독점함으로써 시민들이 정부에 의존하지 않고는 살 수 없게 만들기 위함이었습니다. 저자들은 경제적 비합리성이 정치적 합리성(권력 유지)을 위해 선택된 과정임을 탁월하게 분석했습니다.

3. 마두로 체제의 예견

이 책(특히 2판)은 마두로 정권의 실패를 개인의 무능을 넘어선 <구조적 유산>으로 파악합니다. 차베스가 만들어놓은 '견제 없는 대통령 중심제'와 '석유 의존적 배급 경제'는 유가가 떨어지고 카리스마가 사라지는 순간 붕괴할 수밖에 없는 모델이었습니다. 이 책을 읽으면 현재 베네수엘라의 참상이 우연이 아니라, 지난 20년간 차곡차곡 쌓아올린 제도의 붕괴 결과임을 이해하게 됩니다.

4. 한계점 및 제언

다만, 이 책은 제도와 엘리트 정치, 거시 경제에 집중하다 보니 차베스를 열렬히 지지했던 빈민층의 구체적인 삶과 그들이 느꼈던 효능감(초기 복지 혜택 등)에 대한 미시적 서술은 상대적으로 부족합니다. '왜 그들은 차베스를 사랑했는가'에 대한 감성적 이해보다는 '차베스는 어떻게 그 사랑을 이용해 시스템을 망가뜨렸는가'에 집중합니다.

결론

<Dragon in the Tropics>는 베네수엘라라는 특정 국가의 사례를 넘어, 전 세계적으로 확산되고 있는 <포퓰리즘과 권위주의의 결합>에 대한 강력한 경고입니다. 견제와 균형이 사라진 민주주의가 얼마나 쉽게 괴물(Dragon)로 변할 수 있는지, 그리고 그 대가가 얼마나 혹독한지를 보여주는 필독서입니다. 베네수엘라의 비극을 감정적이 아니라 이성적, 구조적으로 이해하고 싶은 독자에게 가장 먼저 추천할 만한 책입니다.


이 책은 베네수엘라의 정치적 메커니즘을 이해하는 데 매우 중요한 텍스트입니다. 혹시 이 책에서 다룬 **<석유 의존 경제가 정치적 부패로 이어지는 구체적인 과정(자원의 저주)>**에 대해 더 자세한 설명이 필요하신가요?



Crude Nation: How Oil Riches Ruined Venezuela 2016 : Gallegos, Raúl: Amazon.com.au: Kindle Store

Crude Nation: How Oil Riches Ruined Venezuela eBook : Gallegos, Raúl: Amazon.com.au: Kindle Store

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Crude Nation: How Oil Riches Ruined Venezuela Kindle Edition
by Raúl Gallegos (Author) Format: Kindle Edition


4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars (173)


Beneath Venezuelan soil lies an ocean of crude—the world’s largest reserves—an oil patch that shaped the nature of the global energy business. Unfortunately, a dysfunctional anti-American, leftist government controls this vast resource and has used its wealth to foster voter support, ultimately wreaking economic havoc. Crude Nation reveals the ways in which this mismanagement has led to Venezuela’s economic ruin and turned the country into a cautionary tale for the world. Raúl Gallegos, a former Caracas-based oil correspondent, paints a picture both vivid and analytical of the country’s economic decline, the government’s foolhardy economic policies, and the wrecked lives of Venezuelans. Without transparency, the Venezuelan government uses oil money to subsidize life for its citizens in myriad unsustainable ways, while regulating nearly every aspect of day-to-day existence in Venezuela. This has created a paradox in which citizens can fill up the tanks of their SUVs for less than one American dollar while simultaneously enduring nationwide shortages of staples such as milk, sugar, and toilet paper. Gallegos’s insightful analysis shows how mismanagement has ruined Venezuela again and again over the past century and lays out how Venezuelans can begin to fix their country, a nation that can play an important role in the global energy industry.


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Ricardo Hausmann
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Tren de Aragua: The Guide to America's Growing Criminal Threat (World of Crime Guides to Organized Crime Book 2)

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Product details
ASIN ‏ : ‎ B01KBN0HYY
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Potomac Books
Accessibility ‏ : ‎ Learn more
Publication date ‏ : ‎ 1 October 2016
Language ‏ : ‎ English
File size ‏ : ‎ 1.7 MB
Screen Reader ‏ : ‎ Supported
Enhanced typesetting ‏ : ‎ Enabled
X-Ray ‏ : ‎ Not Enabled
Word Wise ‏ : ‎ Enabled
Print length ‏ : ‎ 263 pages
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1612348582
Page Flip ‏ : ‎ Enabled
Best Sellers Rank: 61,267 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)3 in Oil & Energy Industry
5 in International Economics (Kindle Store)
5 in Energy Business
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4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars (173)



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Raúl Gallegos



Raúl Gallegos is Director of political risk for consulting firm Control Risks. He has been a featured columnist for Bloomberg View and Reuters Breakingviews focusing on the politics, economics and business of Latin America. For years he was the foreign oil correspondent for Dow Jones and the Wall street Journal based in Caracas. Raúl was a 2010 Knight-Bagehot fellow at the Columbia University business school. For more on the author see: http://raul-gallegos.com/about/


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堂垣外弘忠
5.0 out of 5 stars なぜ日本人は、ベネズエラの惨状に無関心でいられるのか?「ベネズエラの惨状は明日の日本の姿なのだ!」
Reviewed in Japan on 19 April 2018
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
 ベネズエラの経済崩壊の悲惨な現状とその背景を知るうえで、現在英語(今のところ、日本語の有用な書籍は見当たらない)で入手可能な、ほぼ唯一の書籍である。
 戦争もなく、世界最大の原油埋蔵量を誇り(しかも、ほとんどが陸地+熱帯とあって、採掘原価が安く、シェール層からは取れない、重質油を産する)、その他の鉱物資源に恵まれ、いうまでもなく、コナンドイルのロストワールドに描かれた豊かな観光資源を持ち、石油輸出国機構の創設者である天才政治家”Perez Alfonzo”を擁していた世界一豊かな発展途上国であったが、現在は、社会主義&反米を掲げるチャベス政権を引き継いだ、より独裁的なMaduro政権のもと、悲惨な経済崩壊のため、多数の難民を作り出すこととなっている。
 このような惨状になった理由は、長い歴史がかかわっている。すなわち、豊かな石油収入をばらまき、主要必需品を輸入に頼り、国民を消費と怠惰のぬるま湯漬けにしたのである。この傾向は、チャベス政権で極端にひどくなり、石油産業を国有化して無能で極端に非効率的な社会主義官僚に運営を任せ、無知な老電気技師"Jorge Giordani"に経済運営を任せたため中央銀行にめちゃくちゃにお札を発行させるたためインフレの嵐が吹き荒れる始末、石油採掘現場は荒れ放題、無理な為替管理により国内産業が荒廃し、それらのため、生活必需品が減少して、国営商店の前に長い列ができることが恒常的になっていた。そして、普通に働くよりも、列に並んで商品を入手して、それを転売する転売家業のほうがもうかるようになり、多くの国民が、仕事を辞めて、「転売屋」になる始末となっていた。そこへ、原油安が続き、ついに原価割れとなって(ちょっとだけ、まともに運営すれば、原価は大幅に下がるのに、耳を貸さないのである)、独裁政権の極度の非効率と相俟って、ついに経済崩壊に至って難民急増の結末となっているのである。
 一方、どこかの先進国では、無知な首相と無能な経産省官僚が経済政策を牛耳り、お札の大量発行、主要産業の破綻、西洋覇権国家への極端な従属外交で、軍国主義復活へ突き進んでいるのである。実に背筋が寒くなる現実ではなりませんか?ベネズエラの惨状は、とても他人事とは思えませんね!明日は我が身ではなりませんか?
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P. A. Buchan
5.0 out of 5 stars Good Summary
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 18 February 2020
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
I decided to read this book as i had just read Tom Bowers book "Dangerous Hero," about Jeremy Corben and Corben holds up Venezuela as a socialist model that he aspires the UK to be like and its his proof point that Socialism, AKA Marxism works. So i read the book to have a better understanding, because i had a view on Venezuela that i was prepared to admit might be wrong, as i didn't know enough.
The content is a bit dry in places, but that doesn't take away for it in the slightest. The best chapter is 3, where you get a history of Venezuela and why its in such a mess. Now the fact that the book is a bit dry in places, is good thing, because, I have no idea what Raul Gallegos, political persuasion is, but the book is written in a factual, clear and concise way. He offers no opinions, just tells you how it is. This is what people have to do, this is hard because etc etc.
A good read. The book achieved its objective. If Corben wants to make us like Venezuela, then no thank you. Apparently the country has greater oil reserves than Saudi Arabia yet you cant even buy toilet paper. But no thats not Socialisms fault its multi-nationals trying to ruin the Country.
So Jeremy if you wish to live in the Socialist idle that is Venezuela, be my guest. I like being able to go to the shop and buy toilet role.
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ALBERTO NAVARRO
5.0 out of 5 stars CRUDE NATION : HOW OIL RICHES RUINED VENEZUELA
Reviewed in the United States on 1 November 2022
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
THIS BOOK WAS WRITTEN IN 2016, IT IS THE SAD STORY OF 16 YEARS OF MISMANAGEMENT AND FOOLHARDY SOCIO ECONOMIC POLICIES BY THE LEFTIST AND OCHLOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS OF HUGO CHÁVEZ AND NICOLAS MADURO THAT HAVE WREAKED HAVOK IN VENEZUELA.
AS THE AUTHOR POINTED OUT THE MISUSE OF THE OIL RICHES IN VENEZUELA DID
NOT START WITH CHÁVEZ, IT WENT BACK TO
1914 WHEN OIL WAS DISCOVERED, HOWEVER IT WAS UNDER CHÁVEZ, A LEFTIST RABBLE ROUSER, THAT THE WASTE OF MONEY RAISED EXPONENTIALLY.
PDVSA (PETRÓLEOS DE VENEZUELA) TOOK
CONTROL OF THE NATIONALIZED OIL IN 1976, IT WAS A WELL AND SAVVY ADMINISTERED STATE COMPANY NOTWITHSTANDING SOME CASES OF
CORRUPTION , WHEN CHÁVEZ TOOK
POWER IN 1999 PDVSA BECAME A SORT
OF PIGGY BANK WHERE THE MONEY WAS TOTALLY WASTED IN FAILED WASTED PROJECTS INSTEAD OF USE THE OIL
REVENUES TO INVEST AND IMPROVE
THE OIL INDUSTRY, THE RESULT WAS
A TOTAL ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL
RUIN, THE SUPPOSEDLY SHORT TERM
BENEFITS OBTAINED BY THE POOR WERE
TOTALLY WIPED OUT,AS A RESULT THEY
BECAME MUCH MORE POORER.
VENEZUELA HAS BEEN LOOTED AND
SQUANDERED BY THE CHAVISTAS, FOR
ALL THEIR LEFTIST AND ANTICAPITALIST
RHETHORIC THE CHAVISTAS HAVE SPENT
LAVISHLY IN LUXURY CARS, TRAVELS,
COSTLY HOMES NOT ONLY IN VENEZUELA
BUT IN MIAMI AND MADRID, EXPENSIVE
CLOTHES AND THE FINEST RESTAURANTS,
WHILE THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION,
THE SAME ONES WHO VOTED FOR THEM,
HAVE LIVED IN DIRE POVERTY.
IT SHOULD BE POINTED OUT THAT AT THE
TIME OF THE WRITING OF THE BOOK,
THERE WERE A SCARCITY OF FOOD AND
VERY LONG QEUES TO PURCHASE THE
BASIC NECESITIES, MOST OF THE SHELVES
WERE EMPTIED,NOWADAYS THERE IS NO
QEUES, BECAUSE THE STORES ARE PLENTY,
THERE IS FOOD EVERYWHERE AND THERE
IS A REVIVAL IN THE NIGHTLIFE OF CARACAS,
BESIDES THERE ARE A LOT OF SHOPPING MALLS AND RESTAURANTS, THAT IS BECAUSE
THE MADURO GOVERNMENT HAS FREED THE
ECONOMY, THE PROBLEM IS THAT EVERYTHING IS VERY EXPENSIVE OUT OF
THE REACH OF THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF THE VENEZUELANS, THE
COUNTRY HAS MOVED FROM SOCIALISM
TO WILD CAPITALISM,RESEMBLING RUSSIA
DURING THE YELTSIN YEARS.
THERE IS A PHRASE COINED NOWADAYS,
"VENEZUELA SE ARREGLÓ" (VENEZUELA IS FIXED), THIS IS VERY FAR FROM THE TRUTH,
I WOULD RATHER SAID IS LESS WORSE THAN
FIVE YEARS AGO.

이 책은 2016년에 출간되었으며, 우고 차베스와 니콜라스 마두로의 좌파 관료주의 정부가 16년간 시행한 잘못된 통치와 무모한 사회경제 정책으로 베네수엘라가 얼마나 파탄에 이르렀는지에 대한 슬픈 이야기를 담고 있습니다. 저자가 지적했듯이 베네수엘라의 석유 자원 남용은 차베스 시대에 시작된 것이 아니라 석유가 발견된 1914년으로 거슬러 올라갑니다. 그러나 좌파 선동가였던 차베스 치하에서 이러한 낭비는 기하급수적으로 증가했습니다. 베네수엘라 국영 석유회사 PDVSA(PETRÓLEOS DE VENEZUELA)는 1976년 국유 석유 사업을 인수했습니다. 일부 부패 사례에도 불구하고 PDVSA는 비교적 효율적으로 운영되는 국영 기업이었습니다. 그러나 1999년 차베스가 집권하면서 PDVSA는 마치 개인 저금통처럼 변질되어 석유 수익을 석유 산업 투자 및 개선에 사용하는 대신 실패한 사업에 낭비했습니다. 그 결과 경제와 재정은 완전히 파탄에 이르렀고, 서민들이 단기적으로 얻을 수 있었던 혜택은 모두 사라졌습니다. 결과적으로 서민들은 훨씬 더 큰 고통을 겪게 되었습니다. 더욱 가난해졌습니다. 

베네수엘라는 차비스타 정권에 의해 약탈당하고 낭비되었습니다. 그들의 모든 좌파적이고 반자본주의적인 수사에도 불구하고, 차비스타들은 고급 자동차, 여행, 베네수엘라뿐 아니라 마이애미와 마드리드에 있는 값비싼 집, 고가의 옷, 최고급 레스토랑에 사치스럽게 돈을 썼습니다. 반면 대다수 국민, 바로 그들에게 투표했던 사람들은 극심한 가난 속에서 살아가고 있습니다. 

이 책이 쓰여질 당시에는 식량이 부족하고 생필품을 사기 위해 긴 줄을 서야 했으며, 대부분의 진열대가 텅 비어 있었다는 점을 지적해야 합니다. 오늘날에는 상점이 많아지고 음식이 풍부해져서 줄을 서지 않아도 되고, 카라카스의 밤문화도 부활했으며, 쇼핑몰과 레스토랑도 많이 생겼습니다. 이는 마두로 정부가 경제를 자유화했기 때문입니다. 문제는 모든 것이 너무 비싸서 대다수 베네수엘라 국민들이 감당하기 어렵다는 것입니다. 베네수엘라는 사회주의에서 무분별한 자본주의로 변모하여 옐친 시대의 러시아를 닮아가고 있습니다. 요즘 "베네수엘라는 고쳐졌다(VENEZUELA SE ARREGLÓ)"라는 말이 있는데, 이는 사실과 거리가 멀고, 오히려 5년 전보다는 나아졌다고 말하는 것이 더 정확할 것입니다.
2 people found this helpful
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Marián Quevedo
5.0 out of 5 stars Well done! Excellent present and reading!
Reviewed in Spain on 31 March 2025
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
No waste
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Cédric B.
5.0 out of 5 stars Très bon livre pour avoir des idées pour se préparer à un chaos
Reviewed in France on 14 May 2021
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Très bon livre qui illustre:
- Comment un gouvernement communiste où tout devient interdit détruit complètement l'économie puis le pays, puis permet l'installation de la corruption, insécurité et pauvreté extrême.
- Face à la destruction, les communistes trouvent toujours un nouveau coupable…et tentent de mettre toujours plus d'interdictions.
- Comment les gens font pour survivre dans un pays en chaos.
Ainsi, si un mr Mélanchon ou autre président fou devrait être élu, avoir lu ce livre aidera à définir une stratégie de vie pour s'en sortir.
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alex lindsay
4.0 out of 5 stars Decent book, not much about oil
Reviewed in Canada on 14 December 2023
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Pretty solid study on how people respond to hyperinflation as well as corruption. Not much about oil.
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Khaled Jhail
3.0 out of 5 stars Very Critical Book
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 21 August 2019
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
The book is well supported with facts and accurate figures in turn giving a glimpse of life in Venezuela, as well as a basic general history in relation to its economic situation. The writer mentions notable and important figures, their actions, and effects on Venezuela in general. However it is important to note that I find the writer a bit bias in the sense that he points out all the faults on the Venezuelan government without mentioning in detail the other side (international community & oil companies) and how they too are involved in the financial turmoil of Venezuela. This is a book with a strong bias towards American perspective.
2 people found this helpful
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cindye
4.0 out of 5 stars Recommend
Reviewed in the United States on 1 August 2020
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Recommend if you want to better understand what went wrong in Venezuela and the historical context of how the people think/thought/act. Enjoyed, recommend.
One person found this helpful
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Novaktomo
5.0 out of 5 stars Superbly written, shockingly true...
Reviewed in France on 15 February 2022
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
A nice mix of history telling and sharing first person experiences.
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SIROCCO
5.0 out of 5 stars A great analysis of a tragic history
Reviewed in the United States on 19 December 2016
Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
Having spent a summer in Venezuela during the late 1950, I was interested in its current state of affairs. This book nails it. It is well written and documented. What a sorry condition Venezuela as sunk to. All done with a wealth of natural resources. This is a must read for anyone interested in how political mismanagement can ruin a nation.
11 people found this helpful
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  • Neal Leslie
    3.0 out of 5 stars Informative but a little on the dull side
    Reviewed in the United States on 16 October 2019
    I found this book to be informative but exceedingly dull. Mercifully it was fairly short...just shy of a couple of hundred pages.

    Venezuela is a country whose economy has been turned upside down because of oil. During the Great Depression, while most economies were suffering, Venezuela was experiencing a boom which led to the bolivar actually being worth more than the dollar. The end result was that it was cheaper for Venezuelans to import their products than manufacture. Over time there was a migration from the countryside to the city as Venezuelans gave up their agrarian economy in favor of one based on oil. Unlike other countries like Norway that set aside some of their oil revenue for harsher times, Venezuela's constant theme was (and is) spend, spend. Irresponsible economic policies have also exacerbated the situation: Using the central bank as a slush fund; price controls for basic necessities that have created a black market in neighboring countries; having 3 different exchange rates for the dollar. The list goes on and on. Their state oil company PDVSA remains unprofitable because it also serves as a bank account for the president's social programs

    Raul Gallegos calls their governance "Mango Management," named after an incident in which a woman threw a mango at Maduro with a note attached wanting a free house (which she got). The Venezuela government careens from one crisis to the next as if being hit in the head with a mango with no long-term policy to address the underlying problems.

    Raul Gallegos does a good job in presenting the facts without too much partisanship. Venezuela has become such a talking point on the right for an example of the failure of socialism. Venezuela's problems long predate Hugo Chavez. They found oil in 1914 and haven't yet understood basic economic principles on when to spend and when to save or how to diversify their economy to be less dependent on oil. Bad policies are bad policies. Whether you want to label them as socialism or just plain bad.
    4 people found this helpful
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  • Alex
    5.0 out of 5 stars Summary of what happened to Venezuela
    Reviewed in the United States on 3 April 2019
    Very engaging book that alternates between the academic and the reality of the people living there. It keeps you entertained while you absorb troves of information. It's a history lesson about how free and easy it's never appreciated and can and will be a curse.
    2 people found this helpful
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  • Scott&Tamara
    4.0 out of 5 stars Good book
    Reviewed in the United States on 1 September 2017
    Great explanation of the inexplicable! What a sad commentary for a country with such immense resources to be in such poor economic circumstances, and no real identifiable cure in sight.
    5 people found this helpful
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  • Garett Duncan
    5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent book about how Venezuela got into its current predicament
    Reviewed in the United States on 31 March 2018
    Very insightful book about Venezuela, it’s people, and how the country has struggled with its oil wealth. One would think all that oil would be a blessing, but it’s actually a curse.
    5 people found this helpful
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  • jose chalhoub
    5.0 out of 5 stars Great recount of current state of affairs in Venezuela thumbs up!
    Reviewed in the United States on 8 November 2016
    Excellent book very detailed and anecdotic of the current problems faced by the largest oil reserve in the word Venezuela. Higly recommended very amenable to read!
    8 people found this helpful
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  • leonard bolton
    3.0 out of 5 stars Oil and Socialism don't mix well
    Reviewed in the United States on 18 April 2019
    If you like figures and commercial anecdotes this is the book for you with it's relentless examples of how economic policy (if that's what you could call Chavez's farcical and tragic foray into a subject he clearly knew nothing about) has direct results (which giveaway socialists focus on) and indirect results, which they are ignorant of and tend to explain away in self-congratulatory ways. Example -- many things became unavailable in Hugo's paradise one of them being simple toilet paper. The socialist excuse ? -- the people are just eating more because of Chavez so they're doing more of the other and thus need more TP.
    The book is left-brain dry and lacks drama -- the style is factual reporting more than interesting reading but if you want the facts a lot of them are here.
    3 people found this helpful
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  • Douglas S. Saab
    3.0 out of 5 stars Basic introduction to Venezuelan crisis
    Reviewed in the United States on 16 February 2019
    The research for this book is mostly anecdotal, the author went to Venezuela to have a good time and it comes through that he did, not much academic value.
    One person found this helpful
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  • jaroslav p.mikus
    4.0 out of 5 stars Four Stars
    Reviewed in the United States on 7 December 2016
    Bit expensive
    5 people found this helpful
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  • Robert A. Stringer
    3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting book
    Reviewed in the United States on 13 March 2019
    Interesting, but now it’s outdated
  • martha johnson
    5.0 out of 5 stars good read!
    Reviewed in the United States on 7 August 2017
    Quite informative; good read!! Recommend to anyone interested in current world situations.
    One person found this helpful
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