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Venezuela's Collapse: How Things Fell Apart 2024: Lizarralde, Carlos

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Venezuela's Collapse: The Long Story of How Things Fell Apart Kindle Edition
by Carlos Lizarralde (Author) Format: Kindle Edition

4.4 out of 5 stars (66)

Why would one in four Venezuelans flee a once-exceptional democracy? Why would Hugo Chavez lead one of the planet's wealthiest countries into a humanitarian crisis even as he remained firmly in control? Conventional wisdom and scholarly writing find explanations in the sudden end of an oil era, the madness of a populist leader, and the influence of a mafia-like cabal. Yet the destruction of the 20th-century state and its society was so pervasive even the current Chavista elites, a decade after their leader's death, can't realize all the profits from the largest oil reserves in the world. Meanwhile, hunger reaches every corner of the country. The roots of a tragedy that today floods the streets of American cities with tens of thousands of Venezuelan refugees must be more profound than usually suspected.

In Venezuela's Collapse, Carlos Lizarralde explores centuries-old power struggles between elites and a history of ethnic and racial violence that has ebbed and flowed through hundreds of years. Starting in colonial times, Lizarralde has pieced together the economic, social, and political trends that delivered the Chavista revolutionand a humanitarian crisis.

Understanding the historical context behind Chavismo's ransacking of public enterprises and the appearance of a feudal world of violence, hunger, and disease, Venezuela's Collapse offers a compelling argument about what happened in the country.

Venezuela's uncertain future will be determined, for better or for worse, by the fractured and conflicted past that fueled the Bolivarian Revolution. Carlos Lizarralde's account will become a key road map in the years ahead.
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Print length363 pages


Product details
ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0CXC2Z444
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Codex Novellus
Accessibility ‏ : ‎ Learn more
Publication date ‏ : ‎ 19 March 2024
Reading age ‏ : ‎ 15 - 18 years
Best Sellers Rank: 30,336 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)2 in History of Venezuela
3 in South America History
6 in Caribbean & Latin American Politics
Customer Reviews:
4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars (66)



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Carlos Lizarralde



Carlos Lizarralde studied Politics and Literary Theory at Hampshire College. He then pursued doctoral work in Comparative Literature at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, where he taught undergraduate courses and co-founded the publisher technē group.

He then spent twenty-five years as an entrepreneur, founding companies in media, technology, and education across Latin America, the United States, and Spain.

His writing focuses on the long-term structures of Latin American history and their influence on present-day events. This includes his book, Venezuela's Collapse, which traces the economic, political, and demographic trends leading to the 21st-century perfect storm. His latest book, One in Four, examines the long-term demographic shifts that transformed Venezuela and had a lasting impact on the societies of Colombia, Peru, and the United States.

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Customer reviews
4.4 out of 5 stars
miguel

5.0 out of 5 stars absolutly terrific!Reviewed in Spain on 22 January 2025
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a fantasctic book. an excellent description of what is happening in Venezuela,

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Martín

5.0 out of 5 stars If you're interested in what happened in Venezuela, this is the book to read. Reviewed in Mexico on 25 May 2024
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Beautifully written book.

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Enric Die

5.0 out of 5 stars The most interesting perspective on the long-term trajectory of Venezuela.Reviewed in the United States on 22 August 2025
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This was an excellent read. Carlos's interpretation of current events and the undercurrents that led the country into its downward spiral is second to none. As a history fan, I enjoyed the detailed recount of historical events leading to Venezuela's independence and the development of its current political and social state. As a former resident, I found some comfort in furthering my understanding of how and why things unraveled.


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De_La_Isla

4.0 out of 5 stars Good explanation for why Venezuela is such a messReviewed in the United States on 31 August 2025
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Easy read and good explanation for why Venezuela is such a mess

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Ellen

5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting and EnlighteningReviewed in the United States on 12 July 2024
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This was such an interesting and educational read. I highly recommend it for those interested in the overlaps between history, politics, and economics as well as people who might be seeing interesting challenges and impacts that stem from the complicated histories and structures of their own countries. This is an insightful, well-researched, poignant, and personal take on the tragedy of watching the country you were born to and love becoming something that you never could have imagined. This book is not linear, in the most delightful way, and takes you on a journey that I did not expect from a book about political/economic collapse and fallout. I did not have much background on the Venezuelan crisis when I started reading, but Carlos writes in a way that is highly researched and informative, but still accessible and digestible.

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Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars Insightful on the nuances of Venezuelan society and the impact of oil on it
Reviewed in the United States on 31 August 2025
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Very insightful book that rightfully refuses to reduce Venezuelan to a clash of ideologies (i.e. socialism vs capitalism). The fundamental conflict goes back to colonial times, has and ethnic component to it and also analyses the impact of oil and the curse of an "extraction" economy which prevented a "develop/build' economy from developing.
So the solution to Venezuela's problems cannot be formulated along ideological lines.
2 people found this helpful
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John P Stone
5.0 out of 5 stars The Fog of History
Reviewed in the United States on 23 June 2024
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I read a short book by Hugo Chavez in 2005 ("Chavez, An Interview with Hugo Chavez by Aleida Guevarra", Ocean Press, N.Y. 2005) in which he was quite convincing in his assertion that Venezuela was soon to become a prosperous, egalitarian nation that would be a model for all of South America to follow. Today it is a failed state and society. For instance, according to Google, "...The outflow of refugees and migrants from Venezuela is the largest displacement crisis in the world with almost 7.7 million migrants and refugees as of August, 2023...." One naturally asks the question, "What happened?" The author here, Carlos Lizarralde, does a very good job of answering the question as to "what" and "how" it happened; as to "why" it happened, that is much more open to interpretation; and the author to his credit, does not come down to hard on any one theory; he just lays it out and let's you draw your own conclusions.

Although most readers will no doubt be inclined to focus on what happened recently with the rise of the "Bolivarian socialist" regime conceived by Hugo Chavez, and its fall, none of this happened in a vacuum, and the author in a very disciplined way takes us through a blow-by-blow description of the history of Venezuela from the Spanish conquest of the 16th century to the accession to power of Hugo Chavez through the electoral process in 1998. What we get in this is the description of a very hard-scrabble place, not very agriculturally rich, where only a few could attain to much wealth; populated by a polyglot of Spaniards, their Creole descendants, Africans, indigenous Amerindians, and all kinds of combinations of the above through interbreeding; plagued by war, anarchy, crime, and when effectively ruled,, ruled by military dictators. The discovery of massive oil deposits in the early twentieth century brought a measure of prosperity to the place. A politico by the name of Romulo Betancourt and his cohorts were able to establish a relatively law-based democracy that lasted from about the mid-twentieth century to 1998, which did also, prior to Chavez, establish to some degree, a government-sponsored, oil-enriched welfare state, with some benefits, such as a good medical care system, inuring to the benefit of all its citizens-- although there remained a great chasm between rich and poor, the "haves" and "have-nots"; and as Lizerralde perceives it, there was a racial overtone to this class conflict. The "haves" were generally light-skinned; the "have-nots" tended to be dark-skinned.
Into this mix- enter the young, daring, military officer, Hugo Chavez, who in 1992, almost succeeded in his coup attempt (organized secretly by him with other disgruntled junior officers) against the then, elected yet unpopular, president Carlos Andres. (He and his cohorts were trying to dismantle the incipient, regulated, welfare state that did to some extent exist at that time, and establish a more "Neo-liberal", free market economy-- what.has been called in different contexts, "shock therapy"-- not a popular move among the "have-nots", or even a lot of the "haves".)
Chavez's coup attempt failed due to a few tactical, military mistakes; he was arrested, and on national television took full responsibility for the coup's failure, which enobled him in the minds of many Venezuelans. The next elected president, the center-left Rafael Caldera, pardoned and released Chavez from jail in late 1993. He thereafter began pounding the pavement, in his grass roots campaign to win the presidency which he did win in 1998. In 2002 Chavez himself survived a coup attempt by the hard-right politician, Pedro Carmona, who had the backing of a few conservative generals; most of the military and a large mass of the people refused to abandon Chavez however, and within a few days he was back in power. In early 2004, Chavez's opposition collected 1.5 million signatures to force a recall vote to remove him from power. Chavez won the vote with 58% voting not to remove him-- but his party got hold of the names of all the people who had signed the recall petition, and Chavez fired all of them from their jobs, seriously weakening the nation in its organizational and productive capacities-- bank and insurance company employees, government contractors, scientists, college professors, and people in highly technical positions were fired. Previously in late 2002, he had also fired all of those in the oil industry who had supported a general strike.
In chapter IV of this book, ps. 211-276, "Dismantling the System". the author gets down to the nuts and bolts of exactly what Chavez did to ensure Venezuela's ultimate collapse (although as the author makes clear, much of what he did enabled him to retain political power). This chapter is quite involved, and deserves careful reading; but a lot of it comes down to the fact that Chavez consistently favored empowering those who supported him politically to run the machineries of the state and the economy, as opposed to those who had the educational and technical know-how to do it. As Eric Hoffer put it, "Where there is the necessary technical skill to move mountains, there is no need for the faith that moves mountains". Chavez clearly preferred those who had the "faith".
To me one of the dumbest things he did (not particularly related to the faith vs. competence issue) is what the author calls his "massive government exchange control system". For instance, even capitalist, import-merchants were subsidized with oil money to import necessary products into Venezuela (as Venezuela did not have much of an indigenous capacity to manufacture very much for itself). So the government allowed these merchants to buy dollars from it at a huge discount (e.g. ten Bolivarians might get you one U.S. dollar from the government, whereas in the market you would have to pay a hundred Bolivarians for one U.S. dollar). This resulted in all kinds of fake invoices and chicanery to buy as many of these cheap U.S. dollars as you could, without actually importing an equivalent amount of goods-- this corruption infected not only the merchants, but the government officials who were supposed to be regulating them as well.
And so from a lot of bad policies, the Venezuelan state and society ultimately collapsed. According to the author, inflation going "from fifty to one million percent over half a decade": hunger, "...the average citizen..lost 24 pounds between 2016 and 2017..."
But why? What was the ultimate cause? It may have been that Venezuelan society was so deformed and corrupted, lacking in "social trust", from its deep history of violence, chaos, and class conflict, that eventually the spoilation of society from the easy oil wealth, was bound to wreak havoc on them (as it has been a contributing factor to oil-rich Nigeria's problems as well).
On the other hand, I think perhaps the major contributing factor in Venezuela's fall, was the megalomania of Chavez himself. Like Mao who conceived the collectivist "Great Leap Forward" resulting in the starvation of at least 20-30 million Chinese; and Pol Pot who along with his Khmer Rouge, removed the entire urban population of Cambodia onto collective farms, attempting to make a "socialist saint" out of everybody in the nation, Chavez got too taken with himself-- drunk with power. By his own will, his infallible inspiration, he could instill his country's people with the spirit and the heart to become a great nation. He lost sight of the "nuts and bolts".
25 people found this helpful
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GeoKeith
4.0 out of 5 stars Contry descent into madness.
Reviewed in the United States on 9 November 2024
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.Useful for those who were there.
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Mike Evans
5.0 out of 5 stars Thorough, but not overly academic
Reviewed in the United States on 7 August 2024
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
Somehow, I chose to buy and read this about a month before yet another tumultuous time period in Venezuela. These past two weeks in that country now make a lot more sense, given how much I've learned by reading this book.
The author is able to make the country's history suspenseful, while also diving deep into the mindsets of leaders, invaders and the constituents whose lives were upended, dating as far back as the tribal days.
I highly recommend if you're interested in Latin America.
7 people found this helpful
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Kindle Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars And interesting history
Reviewed in the United States on 19 October 2024
Format: KindleVerified Purchase
I recommend this book for those, like me, who have little knowledge of the history of Venesuela and would like to gain some understanding of how the country got into the situation it is now in.
4 people found this helpful
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Gus Ar
5.0 out of 5 stars Reality shock
Reviewed in the United States on 16 November 2024
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As a Venezuelan with more that 30 years in the US I am in shock about how Venezuela descent into hell. The author finger points to racial/ethnic colonial issues that emerged later on to push the country to where is now. I was in doubt in this is true, but at the end the author is true. Venezuelans need to read this book (by the way why is not a Spanish edition?). Now I see my homeland from very different perspective,
9 people found this helpful
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gabriel
5.0 out of 5 stars The Venezuelan crisis decoded 100%
Reviewed in the United States on 24 May 2024
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This could be the most meticulously researched book on the Venezuelan crisis. But what's truly striking is how it challenges conventional wisdom at every turn. It's a rigorous, creative, and captivating work that uncovers answers in the most unexpected places.
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9 people found this helpful
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Silver Thread
4.0 out of 5 stars Depicts true history
Reviewed in the United States on 20 April 2024
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Book is full of facts.
2 people found this helpful
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Lily
5.0 out of 5 stars Genius and profound
Reviewed in the United States on 8 June 2024
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Immersive and meticulously researched, this is a must read for anyone wanting to understand what happened in Venezuela.
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3 people found this helpful
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Big Daddy
5.0 out of 5 stars This is the book to read for an explanation of what has happened to Venezuela
Reviewed in the United States on 8 July 2024
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The best book on the topic.
One person found this helpful
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==

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[도서 요약 및 평론] Venezuela's Collapse: How Things Fell Apart

저자: Carlos Lizarralde 출간년도: 2024

1. 서론: 환상이 깨진 자리

베네수엘라의 비극을 다룬 수많은 책들이 차베스(Hugo Chávez)와 마두로(Nicolás Maduro) 정권의 부패, 혹은 사회주의 경제 정책의 실패에 초점을 맞출 때, 카를로스 리사랄데는 훨씬 더 불편하고 근원적인 질문을 던진다. 이 책은 베네수엘라의 붕괴가 단순히 나쁜 정치인 몇 명 때문에 일어난 우발적 사고가 아니라고 주장한다. 저자는 베네수엘라가 애초에 <석유라는 마약> 위에 세워진 신기루였으며, 붕괴는 20세기 내내 누적된 문화적, 도덕적 타락의 필연적 결과임을 냉철하게 해부한다.

2. 핵심 요약

<가짜 국가의 탄생과 석유의 저주>

리사랄데는 베네수엘라를 현대적 국가라기보다는 석유 붐이 만들어낸 일종의 <거대한 캠프>로 묘사한다. 20세기의 베네수엘라는 막대한 오일머니 덕분에 라틴아메리카에서 가장 부유한 국가로 칭송받았으나, 이는 생산 기반이 없는 허상이었다. 국민들은 노동을 통한 생산보다는 국가가 분배하는 석유 지대(rent)에 기생하는 법을 배웠다. 국가는 시민들에게 무상에 가까운 혜택을 제공하며 그들을 유아화(infantilization)시켰고, 이로 인해 자립심과 시민적 덕목은 자라날 틈이 없었다.

<엘리트와 중산층의 도덕적 파산>

이 책의 가장 날카로운 지점은 차베스 지지층뿐만 아니라, 그를 반대했던 엘리트와 중산층에 대한 비판이다. 저자는 베네수엘라의 상류층이 국가의 현실과 괴리된 채 마이애미 쇼핑과 미인 대회의 환상 속에 살았다고 지적한다. 그들은 빈곤층의 분노를 이해하지 못했고, 이해하려 하지도 않았으며, 자신들의 특권이 석유 가격에 의존한 불안정한 것임을 깨닫지 못했다. 차베스가 등장했을 때, 야권은 무능했고 현실 감각이 결여되어 있었으며, 그 결과 차베스주의(Chavismo)라는 괴물을 막아내기는커녕 오히려 그 토양을 제공했다.

<차베스: 원인이 아닌 결과>

리사랄데는 우고 차베스를 베네수엘라 몰락의 <원인>이 아닌 <결과>로 규정한다. 차베스는 베네수엘라 사회 깊숙이 내재되어 있던 원한(resentment)과 마술적 사고(magical realism)가 의인화된 존재였다. 대중은 복잡한 경제 논리 대신, 모든 문제를 단번에 해결해 줄 메시아를 원했고, 차베스는 그 욕망을 정확히 파고들었다. 즉, 차베스 정권의 폭정과 무능은 하늘에서 떨어진 재앙이 아니라, <베네수엘라 사회가 오랫동안 키워온 병리적 현상이 표면으로 터져 나온 것>이다.

<붕괴의 일상화와 탈출>

책의 후반부는 붕괴 이후의 삶을 다룬다. 전력망이 끊기고, 물이 나오지 않으며, 화폐가 휴지 조각이 된 상황에서 사회적 유대는 완전히 해체되었다. 이웃은 서로를 감시하거나 약탈의 대상으로 삼게 되었고, 수백만 명이 국경을 넘어 탈출하는 <엑소더스>가 발생했다. 저자는 이 과정을 통해 베네수엘라라는 국가의 정체성 자체가 어떻게 소멸하고 있는지를 생생하게 증언한다.

3. 평론: 불편한 진실을 마주하는 용기

<경제학을 넘어선 문명 비평>

기존의 분석들이 하이퍼인플레이션이나 미국의 제재 효과 등을 따질 때, 리사랄데는 <문화>와 <정신>의 영역을 파고든다. 그는 베네수엘라의 실패를 정치적 실패 이전에 <문명적 실패>로 진단한다. 이는 단순히 정책을 바꾸거나 정권이 교체된다고 해서 해결될 문제가 아니라는 암울하지만 현실적인 통찰을 제공한다. 한 국가가 땀 흘려 일하는 가치를 잊고, <쉬운 돈(Easy Money)>과 포퓰리즘에 중독되었을 때 어떤 대가를 치르는지 보여주는 인류학적 보고서에 가깝다.

---

<피해자됨(Victimhood)에 대한 거부>

이 책은 독자를 불편하게 만든다. 특히 베네수엘라 국민을 무고한 피해자로만 묘사하는 서구 미디어의 시각을 정면으로 반박하기 때문이다. 저자는 베네수엘라 국민들이 포퓰리즘의 유혹에 기꺼이 넘어갔으며, 그 책임에서 자유로울 수 없음을 지적한다. 이는 냉혹하게 들릴 수 있으나, 진정한 재건을 위해서는 <외부의 적>을 탓하기보다 <내부의 결함>을 직시해야 한다는 뼈아픈 조언이다.

---

<보편적 경고>

<Venezuela's Collapse>는 베네수엘라만의 이야기가 아니다. 자원 의존도가 높고, 정치적 양극화가 극심하며, 엘리트가 대중의 삶과 괴리된 채 자신들만의 리그에 갇혀 있는 모든 현대 국가들에게 보내는 경고장이다. <우리>라고 느껴지지 않는 국가, 공동체의 연대가 깨진 사회가 외부의 충격 앞에서 얼마나 허무하게 무너질 수 있는지 보여준다.

---

<결론>

카를로스 리사랄데는 감상적인 동정을 배제하고, 해부학자의 매스로 환부를 도려내듯 베네수엘라의 붕괴를 기록했다. 이 책은 희망을 이야기하지 않는다. 대신 처절한 실패의 기록을 통해, 역설적으로 국가라는 것이 유지되기 위해 필요한 시민적 덕목과 책임감이 무엇인지를 역설한다. 베네수엘라 사태를 이해하는 가장 독창적이고 깊이 있는 텍스트 중 하나다.


이 책이 다루는 <엘리트의 단절>이나 <사회의 유아화> 같은 주제는 사용자님께서 평소 관심 있게 보시는 역사적, 사회적 맥락과도 깊은 연관이 있어 보입니다.

혹시 이 책과 비슷한 관점에서 다른 라틴아메리카 국가나 사회적 현상을 다룬 책을 더 추천해 드릴까요?

==

<한국어 (약 1,000단어)>

<책의 정체와 문제의식>
Carlos Lizarralde의 《Venezuela’s Collapse: The Long Story of How Things Fell Apart》(Codex Novellus, 2024)은 “왜 권력을 장악한 지도자/집단이 국가와 경제를 사실상 해체 수준으로 몰고 갈까?”라는 질문에서 출발해, 베네수엘라의 붕괴를 단순히 ‘포퓰리스트의 무능·부패·사회주의 실험 실패’로 환원하지 말자고 주장합니다. 저자의 핵심 제안은, 차베스(및 차비스모) 시기를 이해하려면 <인종·민족(정체성)·자원(특히 석유)·권력>을 둘러싼 장기 구조적 갈등을 중심축으로 놓아야 한다는 것입니다. books.google.com+2Codex+2

<구성의 큰 흐름(요약)>
이 책은 “1998년 차베스 당선”이라는 분기점을 설명하기 위해, 대략 500년의 장기 역사(식민지 시기→독립전쟁과 그 후유증→석유국가 형성→20세기 복지국가와 ‘자유주의 국가’의 제도화→차비스모의 제도 해체)를 큰 호흡으로 엮습니다. books.google.com+1

  1. <식민지-계급/카스트 질서와 폭력의 유산>
    저자는 베네수엘라 사회를 오래 지탱한 위계(피지배 다수와 지배 엘리트, 인종/혼혈/출신을 둘러싼 서열화)가 독립 이후에도 다른 이름으로 반복되었다고 봅니다. 이런 균열이 “국가 공동체”의 상상 자체를 불안정하게 만들었고, ‘누가 진짜 국민인가’라는 질문이 정치적 동원으로 전화될 토양이 되었다는 식입니다. (저자가 특히 강조하는 ‘정체성의 골’이 여기입니다.) books.google.com+2ReVista+2

  2. <독립전쟁의 기억과 ‘내전적 정치’의 반복>
    ReVista 서평에 따르면, Lizarralde는 통상적 설명(사회주의, 쿠바 영향, 부패, 제재, 야권 무능 등)을 넘어서기 위해 독립전쟁기의 사회 갈등을 길게 끌어옵니다. “왕을 외치며 싸웠지만 실은 크리올(백인계 엘리트) 지배에 맞선 것” 같은 역설적 구도를 통해, 독립이 ‘해방’이 아니라 다른 형태의 지배가 될 수 있었던 역사를 짚고, 그 기억이 20세기 말 포퓰리즘적 ‘복수 정치’로 재등장했다고 그립니다. ReVista

  3. <석유국가의 탄생과 복지국가의 제도화>
    책 소개(구글도서/출판사 페이지) 기준으로, 1920년대 석유 붐과 1940년대 이후의 국가 건설(복지·제도) 흐름이 중요한 배경입니다. 저자의 관점에서 핵심은 “석유가 모든 것을 가능케 했지만, 동시에 국가·사회가 석유 가격과 분배 장치에 ‘정치적으로 중독’되는 구조”가 형성되었다는 점입니다. books.google.com+1

  4. <차비스모: ‘자유주의 국가’의 해체와 ‘봉건적 풍경’>
    저자는 1998년 이후를, 단순한 정책 실패가 아니라 ‘국가의 성격 변화’로 묘사합니다. 출판사 소개에 따르면, 차비스모는 자유주의적 국가(제도·전문 관료·공기업 운영 원리 포함)를 약화시키고, 공공·민간 부문을 약탈적으로 재편했으며, 폭력·기아·질병이 늘어나는 “준-봉건적” 현실이 나타났다고 주장합니다(대략 2019년까지를 주요 분석 구간으로 제시). Codex+1
    공중보건(말라리아 재확산), 석유산업 운영의 붕괴, 야권 배제 등은 책의 구체 사례로 여러 2차 자료(발췌 소개)에서도 반복적으로 언급됩니다. Far Outliers

<평론(강점과 한계)>
<강점 1: “왜 스스로 국가를 망가뜨리는가?”라는 질문을 정면으로 붙잡는다>
이 책의 매력은 “차베스가 나빴다/미국 제재 탓이다/사회주의 탓이다” 식의 단선적 설명을 피하면서, ‘국가 파괴가 어떤 사회적 욕망과 정체성 갈등 위에서 정당화되었는가’를 묻는 데 있습니다. 즉, 정책의 옳고 그름을 넘어서 <정치적 동원(진짜 국민 vs 가짜 국민), 분배의 도덕경제, 역사 기억의 복수성>을 연결하는 방식이 설득력을 갖습니다. Codex+1

<강점 2: 장기 구조로 단기 사건을 재배치한다>
500년의 “긴 호흡”은 위험도 크지만, 성공할 경우 독자는 1998년 이후를 ‘우연한 추락’이 아니라 ‘오래된 균열의 폭발’로 보게 됩니다. 특히 인종·민족을 “숨겨진 변수”로 끌어올린 점은, 라틴아메리카 정치에서 자원·계급 분석과 함께 유용한 렌즈가 될 수 있습니다. books.google.com+2Codex+2

<한계 1: 20세기 초(석유 붐 직전)의 사회경제 분석이 약하다는 지적>
ReVista 서평은, 저자가 독립전쟁과 그 핵심 인물들에 많은 지면을 할애하는 반면, “석유 붐 직전의 인구·경제·정치가 실제로 어떠했는지”를 충분히 깊게 파지 못한다고 비판합니다. 이 구간이 빈약하면, 장기 구조의 논증이 ‘점프’처럼 보일 수 있습니다. ReVista

<한계 2: ‘인종/민족’ 프레임의 설명력 과잉 가능성>
정체성 갈등을 중심에 놓는 접근은 강력하지만, 동시에 다른 요인들(국제 유가 사이클, 제재, 제도 설계, 군부·사법의 이해관계, 야권의 전략 실패 등)을 “부차화”할 위험이 있습니다. 이 책을 읽을 때는, 저자의 프레임을 ‘유일한 원인’이 아니라 ‘기존 설명의 빈틈을 메우는 추가 축’으로 취급하는 편이 생산적입니다. (저자도 “통념을 넘어서는 대안적 설명”을 자임합니다.) books.google.com+2Codex+2

<세진님께 실용적 권장 읽기법>

  • 이미 베네수엘라 현대정치를 어느 정도 아신다면: 이 책의 가치는 ‘정책사’보다 <기억/정체성/분배의 감정 정치>를 묶어내는 서사에 있습니다.

  • 연구/글쓰기 목적이라면: ReVista 서평이 지적한 “20세기 초 분석 공백”을 보완할 자료(경제사·석유국가 형성, 정당정치 제도화 연구)와 함께 읽으면, 저자의 장기 구조 논증을 더 단단히 검증할 수 있습니다. ReVista


<English (about 1,000 words)>

<What the book is trying to do> Carlos Lizarralde’s <Venezuela’s Collapse: The Long Story of How Things Fell Apart> (Codex Novellus, 2024) is built around a blunt question: why would a leader—or a social bloc—dismantle the state and the economy after gaining control of both? Rather than treating Venezuela’s breakdown as a story of one “mad populist,” or reducing it to a single explanatory switch (socialism, corruption, Cuba’s influence, U.S. sanctions, opposition mistakes), Lizarralde proposes a deeper causal map. His signature move is to place <race/ethnicity, identity conflict, and struggles over resources and power> at the center of the Chávez/Chavismo story. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}

<How the argument is organized (summary)>
Public descriptions and excerpts indicate that the book works in “long duration.” It claims to trace roughly 500 years of demographic, cultural, and economic strands that converge in the 1998 election of Chávez and then follow the Chavista period through the dismantling of the liberal state and the degradation of institutions (with the narrative emphasis extending to about 2019). books.google.com+1

  1. <Colonial hierarchies and the durability of social fracture>

A foundational claim is that colonial-era hierarchies—organized around origin, caste-like stratification, and violence—left a deep pattern of social segmentation. In this view, the question “who truly belongs” remains politically usable long after formal legal categories fade. That latent fracture becomes an enabling condition for later populist politics: mass mobilization can be framed as historical repair, revenge, or moral restoration rather than ordinary policy dispute. books.google.com+1

  1. <Independence wars as an explanatory hinge>

According to a ReVista review, Lizarralde pushes readers past standard contemporary explanations by rooting today’s conflict in the independence-era social struggle. The review highlights his depiction of poor royalist soldiers fighting not for Spain per se but against Creole rule—an inversion meant to show how “independence” could fail to become emancipation for large parts of society. By making independence memory central, the book can interpret later political projects as repeated attempts to settle an older, unresolved conflict about hierarchy and national identity. ReVista

  1. <Oil modernity and the state as distributor>

From the publisher and Google Books descriptions, oil’s rise (often framed around the 1920s boom) and the building of a welfare state in the mid-20th century become crucial context. Oil wealth expands the state’s distributive capacity, but it also anchors legitimacy to distribution and identity—who deserves the rents, who is “the people,” who counts as a patriotic citizen. The story is not simply “resource curse,” but a more cultural-political account of how oil wealth interacts with long-standing social fracture. books.google.com+1

  1. <Chavismo as institutional reversal>

The public synopsis describes the Chavista years as an active dismantling of the liberal state and a “ransacking” of public (and sometimes private) enterprise, producing a landscape characterized by violence, hunger, and disease—language that signals not merely economic decline but a transformation in the state’s operating logic. Secondary excerpting points to concrete arenas—public health and malaria resurgence, the reconfiguration and degradation of oil industry capacity, and political purges/exclusion—used as illustrative cases. Codex+1

<Review (what works, what to watch)>
<Strength 1: It tackles the “self-destruction” puzzle head-on>
The book’s best promise is conceptual: it refuses to treat collapse as an accident or a leader’s incompetence alone. Instead, it asks what kinds of moral narratives and identity politics can make institutional destruction feel legitimate—or even virtuous—to a governing coalition and its supporters. That’s a powerful contribution because it moves the conversation from “bad policies” to “why those policies became politically thinkable.” ReVista+1

<Strength 2: A long-horizon synthesis that reorders familiar events>
If you’ve read more conventional accounts focused on macroeconomics, sanctions, or party competition, Lizarralde’s long historical arc can be genuinely clarifying. It encourages readers to treat 1998 not as the start of the story but as the moment when older fractures gained a new political vehicle. Even if you disagree with the weighting, the frame can sharpen comparative thinking across Latin America: how do identity, race, and distribution interact differently in oil states versus non-oil states? books.google.com+1

<Limitation 1: Possible thinness around the pre-boom early 20th century>
The ReVista review argues that the book’s treatment of the early 20th century—especially the social and economic structure just before the oil boom—may be among its weaker sections. That matters, because if the bridge from “long colonial fracture” to “modern rentier state” is underdeveloped, the reader may feel the argument occasionally leaps across a key causal interval. ReVista

<Limitation 2: Risk of explanatory overreach>
Centering race/ethnicity can correct a blind spot in many discussions of Venezuela, but it also risks becoming an all-purpose master key that downplays competing drivers (international oil cycles, sanctions regimes, elite bargaining with security forces, institutional design, and opposition strategy). The most productive way to read this book, in my view, is as a deliberately sharpened lens—an “added axis” meant to challenge conventional wisdom—rather than as a single-cause account. books.google.com+2Codex+2

<Practical takeaway> If your goal is to understand “how things fell apart,” this book is likely most valuable for its attempt to connect Venezuela’s modern collapse to deep historical conflicts about identity and the rightful distribution of resource wealth. Pair it with a more institution-and-economy-centered study to test where Lizarralde’s long-structure argument is strongest and where it may be overstated. :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22} ::contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}
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