Monday, March 25, 2024

이충원 - (신세AI) 변하는 전장, 마치 '게임' 옅어지는 저항감, 커지는 희생

이충원 - 무서운 팔란티어 테크놀로지 AI 전문인 친구에 따르면 팔란티어는 원래 미국에서 빅데이터 분석서비스 제공하던... | Facebook

무서운 팔란티어 테크놀로지
AI 전문인 친구에 따르면 팔란티어는 원래 미국에서 빅데이터 분석서비스 제공하던 기업이라고...
이스라엘, 우크라이나에서 무서운 서비스를 실험하고 있네요.
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- (신세AI) 변하는 전장, 마치 '게임', 옅어지는 저항감, 커지는 희생
(아사히 3.25 1면톱)
올해 1월 이스라엘의 상도 텔아비브. 지중해를 바라보는 고층 빌딩에 미국 데이터 분석기업 팔란티어 테크놀로지스의 알렉스 카프 최고경영자(CEO)의 모습이 있었다. 이스라엘에서 열린 첫 이사회에 참석하기 위해서다.
카프씨는 이스라엘의 이츠하크 헤르초그 대통령이나 국방부 간부들과 연달아 회담했다. 동석한 이 회사 간부인 조쉬 해리스씨에 의하면, 방공 경보가 때때로 울리는 가운데 교섭해, 이스라엘군과 "전쟁을 지원하기 위한 기술을 제공한다"는데 합의했다.
아사히신문의 취재에 응한 해리스씨는 지난해 10월 이슬람 조직 하마스에 대한 보복 공격시 이스라엘군을 본격 지원했다고 밝혔다. 1월의 이스라엘 방문에서 "우리의 시스템이 가지는 영향력을 확인할 수 있었다"고 만족스럽게 말했다.
2003년 창업한 이 회사는 미 중앙 정보국(CIA)과도 관련이 강하고, 위성 화상의 AI해석 등으로 서구의 군이나 정보기관과 제휴했다. 텔아비브 사무소를 2015년에 개설한 것 외에 우크라이나의 수도 키이우에도 사무소를 두어 2022년의 러시아군 침공 후, 우크라이나군도 이 회사의 AI 시스템을 전장에서 활용하고 있다.
이 회사의 담당자가 AI 시스템의 데모를 기자에게 보여줬다. 화면에 우크라이나 동부의 지도가 비쳐져, '표적'이 되는 러시아군 부대가 푸른 테두리로 나타났다. 위성영상과 기밀정보, 미사일의 열을 탐지하는 적외선 경계시스템 등 방대한 데이터에서 주목할 만한 표적을 AI가 지휘관에게 제시한다.
"예를 들면, 이 부두를 폭격한다고 하자". 다른 지도에서 담당자가 붉은 삼각형의 '표적'을 선택하면, AI가 공격에 사용할 수 있는 전투기의 리스트를 '표적까지의 시간' '연료의 잔량' '탑재 무기'등과 함께 제시했다. 담당자가 중시하는 항목을 고르면 최적의 순서로 전투기 아이콘이 줄을 섰다.
마치 게임을 하는 듯한 느낌이다.
이 회사 간부인 섀넌 클라크 씨는 "동아시아 등에서 상정되는 미래의 전쟁은 종전과 전혀 다를 것"이라며 "전투 영역이 더 큰 규모가 돼 즉각적인 의사결정이 요구된다. 인간으로는 대응할 수 없는 것을 AI가 보완해 준다"고 의의를 강조했다.
개별 병기가 아니라 여러 무인기가 AI로 연계돼 늑대떼처럼 '먹잇감'을 노리는 '군집 드론' 개발도 주요국에서 진행되고 있다.
AI는 군사 분야에 깊숙이 침투해 AI 무기의 탄생은 화약과 핵무기에 이은 '전쟁에서의 제3의 혁명'으로도 불린다.
'AI 전쟁의 실험장'으로도 지적되는 우크라이나는 러시아군의 침공 이후 서방의 지원을 받아 AI 무기를 전투에 본격 투입해 신흥 기술의 적극 활용이 강대국에 반영되는 원동력이 되기도 한다.
한편, AI가 항상 정답을 나타내는 보증은 없다. 팔란티어 설계 담당자도 AI가 '환각'을 일으킬 수 있다고 인정하면서 검증이나 학습 기능으로 정확도를 높일 필요성을 강조한다.
다음 전쟁을 우위로 싸우려는 각국의 속셈이 얽혀 AI가 '실험장'에서 수집한 데이터의 학습을 거듭하는 가운데, 전쟁의 장기화로 다수의 인명이 상실되고 있는 것도 사실이다.
작년, 전선인 동부 바후무트 근교 등에서 우크라이나군에 종군해, 아프가니스탄 등 25년 가까이 전쟁터를 취재해 온 전장 카메라맨의 요코타 도루씨는 "낮에는 항상 (러시아의) 드론이 날아, 위치를 파악되면 포탄이 날아 온다. 이동 중에는 발밑의 지뢰 뿐만이 아니라, 하늘도 경계했다"라고 말해 전장의 변화를 이렇게 지적한다.
"AI와 드론의 등장으로, 실제로 방아쇠를 당기지 않고 모니터상에서 공격할 수 있다.사람을 살상하는 심리적 장벽이 낮아지면서 전선은 과거보다 비참해졌다"
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Chee-Kwan Kim and 7 others
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Chee-Kwan Kim

이런 심층 취재, 정말 대단하네요. 개인적으로는 공동창업주 피터 틸이 쓴 지로투원 (zero to one)을 인상깊게 읽고 예전부터 지켜보고 있는 기업입니다.



이충원

김치관 아, 역시. 전 이름 처음 들어봤네요.
===

팔란티어 테크놀로지스

최근 수정 시각: 
편집토론역사
분류 
팔란티어 테크놀로지스[1]
Palantir Technologies
팔란티어 테크놀로지스 로고
국가
미국 국기 미국
상장 여부
NYSE (2020년 9월 30일~ )[2]
설립연도
2003년 5월 (20주년)
본사 위치
미국 콜로라도 덴버
설립자
피터 틸
알렉스 카프
조 론스데일
스티븐 코헨(Stephen Cohen)[3]
나단 게스팅[4]
산업
IT
경영진
CEO
 알렉스 카프
사장
 스티븐 코헨
이사회
의장
 피터 틸
매출
19억 600만 달러(2022년)[5]
영업 손실
1억 6,100만 달러(2022년)
고객
367곳(2022년)[6]
고용 인원
3,838명(2022년)
홈페이지
홈페이지 아이콘
Powering Innovation for Doosan Infracore

1. 개요2. 제품
2.1. 고담2.2. 파운드리2.3. 아폴로2.4. AIP
3. 지배 구조4. 비판 및 논란5. 기타

1. 개요[편집]

팔란티어는 주로 공공 정보 분석을 수행하는 미국의 빅 데이터 프로세싱 기업이다. 미국 CIA 산하 In-QTel에게 200만 달러 투자를 받고 CIA를 시작으로 국방부, FBI 등에서 투자와 일감을 받을 정도로 굳건한 입지를 다지고 있다.

이 회사는 CIA나 FBI를 고객으로 확보한 것으로 알려지면서 대체 무엇을 하느냐에 대한 대중들의 관심도 높아졌다. 팔란티어는 대용량의 데이터를 통합하고 입력값을 조정해볼 수 있는 아키텍처를 제공하는데, 이러한 아키텍처를 기반으로 사용자는 데이터 기반 추론과 효율적인 의사결정이 가능해진다.

2022년 4분기부터 2023년 3분기까지 4분기 연속 일반회계 기준 순이익 흑자 달성에 성공하면서 S&P 500 편입 조건을 충족했다.

2. 제품[편집]

84884A12-343F-45...
팔란티어가 꼽은 사회적 문제 예시 [7]

2.1. 고담[편집]

팔란티어 고담
군용 랩탑으로 고담에 엑세스하는 화면[8]

정부에 제공하는 플랫폼이다. 자체적으로 “디지털 체스판”이라고 홍보한다. 주로 인신매매, 총기거래, 마약거래 등의 지하경제 파악, 테러 대응, 금융 사기 등의 대규모 범죄를 예방하는 용도로 쓰이며 특히 군사 작전에 특화되어 있다. 고담 프로그램을 차량, 항공기, 선박 등에 모듈형으로 배치하고 이들의 센서를 통해 얻은 데이터를 정제 & 통합한 후 자사 기계학습 모델로 실시간 추론을 진행한 후 시각화하고 입력값을 바꿔갈 수 있는 기능을 제공한다. 이러한 개별 노드들은 동기화되어 통신 장애를 방지한다. 사용자들은 군용 랩탑으로 고담에 접근 가능하고, 고담으로 특정 업무를 맡고 있던 직원이 빠른 속도로 지휘관에게 리소스를 전달하면, 지휘관은 여러 엔트로피들을 재확인하고 실시간으로 부대간 작전을 수립하여 전시 상황에 자원과 비용을 효율적으로 배치하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다.[9] 넵튠 스피어 작전, 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁, 버나드 메이도프 폰지 사기 적발 등에 쓰인 것으로 유명하다.

2.2. 파운드리[편집]

팔란티어 파운드리
파운드리 인프라 구조[10]

기업용 플랫폼이다. 시뮬레이션 엔진[11] 기반으로 데이터를 통합하고 시각화하여 재무, 인사, 물류, 재고 등의 막대한 사내 데이터를 추적하고 통합 및 관리하여 활용 가능한 프레임워크로 객체간 맵핑하고 쌍방향 인터페이스를 지원한다. 새로운 프로젝트마다 데이터 기반을 새로 만들 필요가 없을 뿐더러, 기업의 부서들은 입력값을 바꿔가며 이를 활용하고 협업하여 기업운영 관리, 내부비리 감지, 금융사기 방지 등 기업 중앙 의사 결정을 도우며 사내 재정 효율화 용도로 쓸 수 있다.

2.3. 아폴로[편집]

팔란티어 아폴로
아폴로와 타사 SaaS간 비교[12]

고담과 파운드리를 유지 보수하기 위한 SaaS형 플랫폼이다. 고객들이 팔란티어 고담이나 파운드리를 쓰다가 다른 기업의 제품으로 넘어가면, 사내 적용 과정도 오래 걸리고 같은 데이터일지라도 분석 결과가 다르게 나오기 때문에 한 번 팔란티어의 고객이 되면 쉽게 벗어나가지 못하는 락인 효과가 크다. 이에 아폴로를 제공하여 지속적인 현금흐름 창출이 가능해진다. e2e로 여러 환경에 지속적으로 배포 가능한 확장 프레임워크를 제공하여 시스템 테스트, 자원 관리, 최신 기능, 보안 업데이트 등을 지원한다. 자체 서버 외에도 아마존 웹 서비스, IBM 클라우드 등의 컴퓨팅 자원을 사용하여 SaaS 형태로 고객에게 서비스를 제공한다.

팔란티어의 고객 범위는 사실 어느 정도 한정되어 있다. 미국 등 국방비에 많은 돈을 쏟는 일부 정부 기관들과 자금력이 풍부한 일부 대기업 위주로 사업을 전개하기 때문이다. 따라서 향후 고객 유치가 포화 상태에 이르고 산업 내 경쟁이 치열해지면, 가장 유망해질 사업이다. 또한 현재 팔란티어는 한 번의 수주로 현금 흐름을 창출하는 구조이기에 현금 흐름을 안정적으로 만들기에도 용이해진다.[13]

2.4. AIP[편집]

사내 데이터를 학습 및 추론하여 프라이빗 네트워크에서 생성형 인공지능 서비스를 지원하는 플랫폼이다. 데이터 접근 범위를 설정 가능하며 프롬프트를 입력하면 여러 자료들을 도출해낸다. ChatGPT의 성공 이후 기업들을 중심으로 사내 데이터 스크래핑, 크롤링 등 보안에 대한 우려가 촉발되자 이를 해결하기 위해 뛰어든 것이다. 데이터브릭스의 자회사 모자이크ML이 유사한 서비스를 제공한다.

3. 지배 구조[편집]

특이하게도 가변 의결권이 있는 Class F 주식이 존재한다. 피터 틸, 알렉스 카프, 스티븐 코헨이 각각 33.3%씩 보유하고 있다. 이 셋이 의결권의 49.9%를 쥐고 있다.[14] 뿐만 아니라 Class B 주식까지 더하면, 경영진이 전체 의결권의 80% 이상을 쥐고 있다. 외압이 있어도 자본력만으로는 팔란티어의 지배권을 뺏어오는 것이 사실상 불가능한 구조이다. 이러한 창업자 친화적 지배구조로 인해, 상장 당시 알렉산드리아 오카시오코르테스가 SEC에게 팔란티어를 조사해봐야 한다면서 서한을 보낸 적이 있다.[15]

4. 비판 및 논란[편집]

  • 매우 괘씸할 정도의 재무 관리로 인해 투자자들을 기만하고 주주환원적 가치를 훼손한다고 비판 받기도 한다. 영업마진이 80%에 이를 정도로 매우 높으나 영업이익과 순이익은 제로에 가까운데, 이는 적게는 매출 대비 20%부터 많게는 35%에 이르는 막대한 주식 보상 때문이다. 게다가 자사주 매입이나 배당도 지급하지 않기 때문에 이런 경우에는 사업 재투자를 통한 매출 증진과 마진 향상을 통해 주가를 부양하여 간접적으로 주주들에게 환원하는 방향이 통상적이나 팔란티어는 주식 보상에 과도한 지출을 하는데다 심지어 임원진과 직원들의 매도가 매우 빈번하기 때문에 주가 변동성이 극심하다.[16] 상술했듯 Class B와 F 주식을 통해 창업자 셋이서 의결권 80% 이상을 지배하는 구조이기 때문에 당국의 외압에 의한 지배구조 개선이 일어나지 않는 이상 이러한 구조를 탈피하기 힘든 게 현실이다.
  • 국제적인 여론과는 정반대로 2023년 이스라엘-하마스 전쟁에서 이스라엘을 공식적으로 지지할 것을 선언했다. 설립자이자, 주요 임원인 CEO 알렉스 카프와 공동 설립자이자 지분을 통한 경영 지배력을 가진 피터 틸은 유대계 미국인이기도 하다. 이러한 결정에 대한 사내 반발이 상당하다는 보도가 존재한다.[17] 이후 2024년 1월에는 이스라엘 국방부 관리들과의 회담을 가진 이후 전쟁 관련 임무를 위한 기술적 파트너십을 체결했다.
  • 동양인 인종차별로 인해 미국 노동부로부터 소송을 당했다. 소프트웨어 엔지니어를 뽑는 과정에서 1160명의 지원자 중 85%가 아시안이었는데 채용된 아시안은 11명에 불과했다. 비아시안은 14명이었다. 팔란티어는 이 외에도 수차례 구인 과정에서 아시안 구직자들을 의도적으로 차별했다는 것이 노동부의 주장이다. 이후 약 170만 달러를 배상하는 것으로 합의했다고 한다.

5. 기타[편집]

  • 창업자 피터 틸이 도널드 트럼프 전 대통령 등 공화당과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있어서인지는 몰라도 미국 국방부와 매우 밀접한 관계를 유지하고 있다.
  • 반면 조 바이든 행정부 체제에서는 공급 업체의 쏠림을 막기 위해 견제를 당하고 있다. 에이브릴 헤인스 국가정보국장은 과거 팔란티어에 컨설팅을 제공하며 18만 달러를 받은 적이 있는데, 바이든 대선 캠프에 참여하는 과정에서 이력서에 팔란티어를 지우며 눈치를 살피는 행보를 보여준 적이 있다.
  • 미국 카멀라 해리스 부통령이 캘리포니아 주 법무장관 시절, 팔란티어의 데이터 마이닝 시스템을 법 집행을 개선하는 데에 활용한 적이 있다.
  • 10월 3일 블룸버그에 따르면 NHS[18] 개편을 위해 그들과 5년간 4억 8000만 파운드 규모의 계약을 맺을 것이 유력하다고 한다.# NHS의 의료 데이터를 분석하고 패턴을 감지해 시스템 개선에 도움을 줄 것으로 전망된다.
  • 포뮬러 1 스쿠데리아 페라리의 스폰서로 함께해오고 있다.


[1] 반지의 제왕의 팔란티르에서 따온 이름이 맞다. 피터 틸이 열렬한 톨키니스트라고 한다.[2] 특이하게 IPO가 아닌 직상장으로 기업을 공개시켰다. 수수료 부담이 적고, 상장 후 초기 매도 제한이 없다는 장점이 있다.[3] 투자자 스티브 코헨(Steven Cohen)이 아니다.[4] 페이팔 엔지니어 출신으로 맥스 레브친과 Affirm을 같이 창업했다.[5] 정부기관 55%, 사기업 45% 비중.[6] CIA, FBI, FDA, 국방부 등이 대표적이다.[7] 2021년 팔란티어 데모데이.[8] 2021년 팔란티어 데모데이.[9] 영화와는 달리, 아직까지 대부분 국가들의 국방 시스템은 높은 수준의 디지털 인프라 구축이 되어있지 않다. 파워포인트로 지휘관에게 형식적인 보고를 하고, 통신망과 소통의 부재로 부대간 협업이 어긋나서 전시 상황에 늦장 대응으로 일관하고 이미 엎질러진 물을 치우며 사건 발생 이후 해명하기에만 급급한 것이 현실이다. 세계적인 국방비를 자랑하는 미국 국방부도 예외사항은 아니다.[10] 2021년 팔란티어 데모데이.[11] 데이터를 통합하고 처리하여 만들어낸 엔진.[12] 2021년 팔란티어 데모데이.[13] 휴렛 팩커드가 프린터가 아닌 잉크로 돈을 벌고, 질레트가 면도기가 아닌 면도날로 돈을 벌고, 플레이스테이션이 콘솔 기기가 아닌 유료 비디오게임들로 돈을 벌 듯이 팔란티어도 장기적으로는 고담과 파운드리가 포화 상태에 이르면, 앞선 사업들을 유인책으로 쓰고 풍부한 고객들로부터 나오는 유지보수 매출로 돈을 버는 방향으로 갈 가능성이 높다.[14] 셋 중 하나가 떠나면, 49.9%의 의결권이 최소 52.2%부터 68.1%까지 늘어나도록 미리 장치를 마련해두었다.[15] SEC가 별다른 반응을 보이진 않았다.[16] 직상장 이후 2022년까지 3년동안 알렉스 카프와 피터 틸을 포함한 경영진은 무려 23억 달러를 매도했다. 다만 2021년은 대량으로 만기가 임박한 스톡옵션 발동을 통한 소득세 징수를 위해 내부자 매도가 극심했으며 2022년부터는 매도 금액이 줄어들고 있다. 다음 대규모 스톱옵션 만기 일자는 2030년 이후이기 때문에 우려스러운 의견이 비교적 줄어들고 있는 추세이다.[17] 보통 기업들은 중립적인 자세를 취하며 빠른 종전 혹은 휴전을 추구하는 것이 표면 상으로는 일반적이기 때문이다. 그렇다고 직원들이 하마스를 지지하는 것은 아니고, 팔레스타인 피해자들을 지지하는 것에 가깝다. 이스라엘 정부와 하마스 둘 다 매우 비인도주의적이며 폭력적인 모습을 보이고 있기 때문이다.[18] 영국 국민보건서비스. 영국에 거주하는 자국민에게 무료로 의료 서비스를 제공하는 연금이 투입된 국가 의료 서비스.

===

Palantir Technologies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Palantir Technologies Inc.
Company typePublic
IndustrySoftware
Founded2003; 21 years ago
Founders
Headquarters
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Key people
Products
  • Palantir Gotham
  • Palantir Foundry
  • Palantir Apollo
RevenueIncrease US$2.23 billion (2023)
Increase US$120 million (2023)
Increase US$217 million (2023)
Total assetsIncrease US$4.52 billion (2023)
Total equityIncrease US$3.56 billion (2023)
Number of employees
3,735 (2023)
Websitepalantir.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

Palantir Technologies Inc. is a public American company that specializes in software platforms[3] for big data analytics. Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, it was founded by Peter Thiel,[4] Nathan Gettings, Joe Lonsdale, Stephen Cohen, and Alex Karp in 2003. The company's name is derived from The Lord of the Rings where the magical palantíri were "seeing-stones," described as indestructible balls of crystal used for communication and to see events in other parts of the world.[5]

The company is known for three projects in particular: Palantir Gotham, Palantir Apollo, and Palantir Foundry. Palantir Gotham is used by counter-terrorism analysts at offices in the United States Intelligence Community (USIC) and United States Department of Defense.[6] In the past, Gotham was used by fraud investigators at the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board, a former US federal agency which operated from 2009 to 2015. Gotham was also used by cyber analysts at Information Warfare Monitor, a Canadian public-private venture which operated from 2003 to 2012. Palantir Apollo is a platform to facilitate continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) across all environments.[7][8] Their SaaS is one of five offerings authorized for Mission Critical National Security Systems (IL5) by the U.S. Department of Defense.[9][10] Palantir Foundry is used by corporate clients such as Morgan Stanley, Merck KGaA, Airbus, Wejo, Lilium, PG&E and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.[11]

Palantir's original clients were federal agencies of the USIC. It has since expanded its customer base to serve state and local governments, as well as private companies in the financial and healthcare industries.[12]

History[edit]

2003–2008: Founding and early years[edit]

Founder and chairman Peter Thiel was Palantir's largest shareholder as of late 2014.

Though usually listed as having been founded in 2004, SEC filings state Palantir's official incorporation to be in May 2003 by Peter Thiel (co-founder of PayPal), who named the start-up after the "seeing stone" in Tolkien's legendarium.[12] Thiel saw Palantir as a "mission-oriented company" which could apply software similar to PayPal's fraud recognition systems to "reduce terrorism while preserving civil liberties."[13]

In 2004, Thiel bankrolled the creation of a prototype by PayPal engineer Nathan Gettings and Stanford University students Joe Lonsdale and Stephen Cohen. That same year, Thiel hired Alex Karp, a former colleague of his from Stanford Law School, as chief executive officer.[14]

Headquartered in Palo Alto, California, the company initially struggled to find investors. According to Karp, Sequoia Capital chairman Michael Moritz doodled through an entire meeting, and a Kleiner Perkins executive lectured the founders about the inevitable failure of their company.[15] The only early investments were $2 million from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's venture capital arm In-Q-Tel, and $30 million from Thiel himself and his venture capital firm, Founders Fund.[9][10][16][17][18]

Palantir developed its technology by computer scientists and analysts from intelligence agencies over three years, through pilots facilitated by In-Q-Tel.[19][9] The company stated computers alone using artificial intelligence could not defeat an adaptive adversary. Instead, Palantir proposed using human analysts to explore data from many sources, called intelligence augmentation.[20]

2009: GhostNet and the Shadow Network[edit]

In 2009 and 2010 respectively, Information Warfare Monitor used Palantir software to uncover the GhostNet and the Shadow Network. The GhostNet was a China-based cyber espionage network targeting 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including the Dalai Lama’s office, a NATO computer and various national embassies.[21] The Shadow Network was also a China-based espionage operation that hacked into the Indian security and defense apparatus. Cyber spies stole documents related to Indian security and NATO troop activity in Afghanistan.[22][23]

2010–2012: Expansion[edit]

In April 2010, Palantir announced a partnership with Thomson Reuters to sell the Palantir Metropolis product as "QA Studio" (a quantitative analysis tool).[24] On June 18, 2010, Vice President Joe Biden and Office of Management and Budget Director Peter Orszag held a press conference at the White House announcing the success of fighting fraud in the stimulus by the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (RATB). Biden credited the success to the software, Palantir, being deployed by the federal government.[25] He announced that the capability will be deployed at other government agencies, starting with Medicare and Medicaid.[26][27][28][29]

Estimates were $250 million in revenues in 2011.[30]

2013–2016: Additional funding[edit]

"[As of 2013] the U.S. spy agencies also employed Palantir to connect databases across departments. Before this, most of the databases used by the CIA and FBI were siloed, forcing users to search each database individually. Now everything is linked together using Palantir."
— TechCrunch in January 2015[31]

A document leaked to TechCrunch revealed that Palantir's clients as of 2013 included at least twelve groups within the U.S. government, including the CIA, the DHS, the NSA, the FBI, the CDC, the Marine Corps, the Air Force, the Special Operations Command, the United States Military Academy, the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Organization and Allies, the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. However, at the time, the United States Army continued to use its own data analysis tool.[31] Also, according to TechCrunch, the U.S. spy agencies such as the CIA and FBI were linked for the first time with Palantir software, as their databases had previously been "siloed."[31]

In September 2013, Palantir disclosed over $196 million in funding according to a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filing.[32][33] It was estimated that the company would likely close almost $1 billion in contracts in 2014.[34] CEO Alex Karp announced in 2013 that the company would not be pursuing an IPO, as going public would make "running a company like ours very difficult."[35] In December 2013, the company began a round of financing, raising around $450 million from private funders. This raised the company's value to $9 billion, according to Forbes, with the magazine further explaining that the valuation made Palantir "among Silicon Valley’s most valuable private technology companies."[35]

In December 2014, Forbes reported that Palantir was looking to raise $400 million in an additional round of financing, after the company filed paperwork with the Securities and Exchange Commission the month before. The report was based on research by VC Experts. If completed, Forbes stated Palantir's funding could reach a total of $1.2 billion.[35] As of December 2014, the company continued to have diverse private funders, Ken Langone and Stanley Druckenmiller, In-Q-Tel of the CIA,[36] Tiger Global Management, and Founders Fund, which is a venture firm operated by Peter Thiel, the chairman of Palantir. As of December 2014, Thiel was Palantir's largest shareholder.[35]

The company was valued at $15 billion in November 2014.[37] In June 2015, BuzzFeed reported the company was raising up to $500 million in new capital at a valuation of $20 billion.[38] By December 2015, it had raised a further $880 million, while the company was still valued at $20 billion.[39] In February 2016, Palantir bought Kimono Labs, a startup which makes it easy to collect information from public facing websites.[40]

In August 2016, Palantir acquired data visualization startup Silk.[41]

2020[edit]

Palantir is one of four large technology firms[42] to start working with the NHS on supporting COVID-19 efforts through the provision of software from Palantir Foundry[43] and by April 2020, several countries had used Palantir's technology to track and contain the contagion.[44] Palantir also developed Tiberius, a software for vaccine allocation used in the United States.[45] In August 2020, Palantir Technologies relocated its headquarters to Denver, Colorado.

In December 2020, Palantir was awarded a $44.4 million contract by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, boosting its shares by about 21%.[46]

Valuation[edit]

The company was valued at $9 billion in early 2014, with Forbes stating that the valuation made Palantir "among Silicon Valley's most valuable private technology companies".[35] As of December 2014, Thiel was Palantir's largest shareholder.[35] In January 2015, the company was valued at $15 billion after an undisclosed round of funding with $50 million in November 2014.[47] This valuation rose to $20 billion in late 2015 as the company closed an $880 million round of funding.[48] In 2018, Morgan Stanley valued the company at $6 billion.[49]

Karp, Palantir's chief executive officer, announced in 2013 that the company would not pursue an IPO, as going public would make "running a company like ours very difficult".[35] However, on October 18, 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Palantir was considering an IPO in the first half of 2019 following a $41 billion valuation.[50] In July 2020, it was revealed the company had filed for an IPO.[51]

It ultimately went public on the New York Stock Exchange through a direct public offering on September 30, 2020 under the ticker symbol "PLTR".[52]

Investments[edit]

The company has invested over $400 million into nearly two dozen SPAC targets according to investment bank RBC Capital Markets, while bringing alongside those companies as customers.[53]

Products[edit]

Palantir Gotham[edit]

Palantir Gotham is Palantir's government offering. It is an evolution of Palantir's longstanding work in the United States Intelligence Community. More recently, Palantir Gotham has been used as a predictive policing system, which has elicited some controversy over racism in their AI analytics.[54]

Palantir Metropolis[edit]

Palantir Metropolis (formerly known as Palantir Finance) was[55][56] software for data integration, information management and quantitative analytics. The software connects to commercial, proprietary and public data sets and discovers trends, relationships and anomalies, including predictive analytics.[57][58] Aided by 120 "forward-deployed engineers" of Palantir during 2009, Peter Cavicchia III of JPMorgan used Metropolis to monitor employee communications and alert the insider threat team when an employee showed any signs of potential disgruntlement: the insider alert team would further scrutinize the employee and possibly conduct physical surveillance after hours with bank security personnel.[57][58] The Metropolis team used emails, download activity, browser histories, and GPS locations from JPMorgan owned smartphones and their transcripts of digitally recorded phone conversations to search, aggregate, sort, and analyze this information for any specific keywords, phrases, and patterns of behavior.[57][58] In 2013, Cavicchia may have shared this information with Frank Bisignano who had become the CEO of First Data Corporation.[57]

Palantir Apollo[edit]

Palantir Apollo is a continuous delivery system that manages and deploys Palantir Gotham and Foundry.[59] Apollo was built out of the need for customers to use multiple public and private cloud platforms as part of their infrastructure. Apollo orchestrates updates to configurations and software in the Foundry and Gotham platforms using a micro-service architecture. This product allows Palantir to provide software as a service (SaaS) rather than to operate as a consulting company.[60]

Palantir Foundry[edit]

Palantir Foundry was popularized for use in the health sector by its use within the National Covid Cohort Collaborative, a secure enclave of Electronic Health Records from across the United States that produced hundreds of scientific manuscripts and won the NIH/FASEB Dataworks! Grand Prize. Foundry was also utilized by the Center NHS England in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic in England to analyze the operation of the vaccination program. A campaign was started against the company in June 2021 by Foxglove, a tech-justice nonprofit, because "Their background has generally been in contracts where people are harmed, not healed." Clive Lewis MP, supporting the campaign said Palantir had an "appalling track record."[61]

As of 2022, foundry was also used for the administration of the UK Homes for Ukraine program.[62] to give caseworkers employed by local authorities access to data held by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, some of which is supplied by the UK Home Office.

In November 2023, NHS England awarded a 7-year contract to Palantir for a federated data platform to access data from different systems through a single system, worth £330 million, criticized by the British Medical Association, Doctors Association UK and cybersecurity professionals.[63]

Other[edit]

The company has been involved in a number of business and consumer products, designing in part or in whole. For example, in 2014, they premiered Insightics, which according to the Wall Street Journal "extracts customer spending and demographic information from merchants’ credit-card records." It was created in tandem with credit processing company First Data.[64]

In April 2023, the company launched Artificial Intelligence Platform (AIP) which integrates large language models into privately operated networks. The company demonstrated its use in war, where a military operator was able to deploy operations and receive responses via an AI chatbot.[65][66] Citing potential risks of generative artificial intelligence, CEO Karp said that the product would not let the AI independently carry out targeting operations, requiring human oversight.[67][68]

Customers[edit]

Corporate use[edit]

See also: Information Warfare Monitor
Sales by business (2023)[69]
BusinessSales in billion $share
Government1.254.9%
Commercial1.045.1%

Palantir Metropolis is used by hedge funds, banks, and financial services firms.[9][10][22][70]

Sales by region (2023)[69]
RegionSales in billion $share
United States1.461.9%
Rest of World0.627.5%
United Kingdom0.210.6%

Palantir Foundry clients include Merck KGaA,[71] Airbus[72] and Ferrari.[73]

Palantir partner Information Warfare Monitor used Palantir software to uncover both the Ghostnet and the Shadow Network.[22][74][23]

U.S. civil entities[edit]

Palantir's software is used by the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board to detect and investigate fraud and abuse in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Specifically, the Recovery Operations Center (ROC) used Palantir to integrate transactional data with open-source and private data sets that describe the entities receiving stimulus funds.[clarification needed][28] Other clients as of 2019 included Polaris Project,[75] the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children,[31] the National Institutes of Health,[76] Team Rubicon,[77] and the United Nations World Food Programme.[78]

In October 2020, Palantir began helping the federal government set up a system that will track the manufacture, distribution and administration of COVID-19 vaccines across the country.[79]

U.S. military, intelligence, and police[edit]

Palantir Gotham is used by counter-terrorism analysts at offices in the United States Intelligence Community and United States Department of Defense, fraud investigators at the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board, and cyber analysts at Information Warfare Monitor (responsible for the GhostNet and the Shadow Network investigation).

Other clients as of 2013 included DHS, NSA, FBI, the Marine Corps, the Air Force, Special Operations Command, West Point, the Joint IED Defeat Organization and Allies. However, at the time the United States Army continued to use its own data analysis tool.[31] Also, according to TechCrunch, "The U.S. spy agencies also employed Palantir to connect databases across departments. Before this, most of the databases used by the CIA and FBI were siloed, forcing users to search each database individually. Now everything is linked together using Palantir."[31]

U.S. military intelligence used the Palantir product to improve their ability to predict locations of improvised explosive devices in its war in Afghanistan. A small number of practitioners reported it to be more useful than the United States Army's Program of Record, the Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS-A). California Congressman Duncan D. Hunter complained of United States Department of Defense obstacles to its wider use in 2012.[80]

Palantir has also been reported to be working with various U.S. police departments, for example accepting a contract in 2013 to help the Northern California Regional Intelligence Center build a controversial license plates database for California.[81] In 2012 New Orleans Police Department partnered with Palantir to create a predictive policing program.[82]

In 2014, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) awarded Palantir a $41 million contract to build and maintain a new intelligence system called Investigative Case Management (ICM) to track personal and criminal records of legal and illegal immigrants. This application has originally been conceived by ICE's office of Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), allowing its users access to intelligence platforms maintained by other federal and private law enforcement entities. The system reached its "final operation capacity" under the Trump administration in September 2017.[83]

Palantir took over the Pentagon's Project Maven contract in 2019 after Google decided not to continue developing AI unmanned drones used for bombings and intelligence.[84]

International Atomic Energy Agency[edit]

Palantir was used by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify if Iran was in compliance with the 2015 agreement.[36]

British National Health Service (NHS)[edit]

The firm has contracts relating to patient data from the British National Health Service. In 2020, it was awarded an emergency non-competitive contract to mine COVID-19 patient data and consolidate government databases to help ministers and officials respond to the pandemic. The contract was valued at more than £23.5 million and was extended for two more years. The awarding of the contract without competition was heavily criticised, prompting the NHS to pledge an open and transparent procurement process for any future data contract.[85][86][87]

The firm was encouraged by Liam Fox "to expand their software business" in Britain.[88] It was said to be "critical to the success of the vaccination and PPE programmes,” but its involvement in the NHS was controversial among civil liberties groups.[89] Conservative MP David Davis called for a judicial review into the sharing of patient data with Palantir.[90]

The procurement of a £480m Federated Data Platform by NHS England, launched in January 2023 has been described as a 'must win' for Palantir.[91] The procurement has been described as a "farce" by civil liberties campaigners, alleging that Palantir have a competitive advantage as it "already has its feet under the table in NHS England" and benefits from a short procurement window.[92] In April 2023 it was revealed that a consortium of UK companies had been unsuccessful in its bid for the contract.[93]

In April 2023, Conservative MP David Davis publicly expressed his concern over the procurement process, stating that it could become a "battle royale". Davis is one of a dozen MPs pressing the government over privacy concerns with the use of data. Labour peer and former Health Minister Philip Hunt voiced his concern about Palantir's use of data, stating “The current NHS and current government doesn’t have a good track record of getting the details right, and the procurement shows no sign of going better.” [94]

In April 2023, it was also reported that eleven NHS trusts had paused or suspended use of the Palantir Foundry software. A spokesperson for the Department of Health and Social Care stated that this was due to "operational issues".[94]

In January 2023 Palantir's founder, Peter Thiel, called Britain's affection for the NHS "Stockholm Syndrome" during a speech to the Oxford Union, going on to say that the NHS "makes people sick". A Palantir spokesman clarified that Thiel was "speaking as a private individual" and his comments "do not in any way reflect the views of Palantir".[95]

In March 2023 it was revealed that NHS hospitals had been 'ordered' to share patient data with Palantir, prompting renewed criticism from civil liberties groups.[96] Campaign groups including the Doctors' Association UK, National Pensioners' Convention, and Just Treatment, subsequently threatened legal action over NHS England's procurement of the FDP contract citing concerns over the use of patient data.[97]

NHS England's former artificial intelligence chief, Indra Joshi, was recruited by Palantir in 2022. The company said they were planning to increase their team in the UK by 250.[98] Palantir's UK head, Louis Moseley, was quoted internally as saying that Palantir's strategy for entry into the British health industry was to "Buy our way in" by hoovering up smaller rival companies with existing relationships with the NHS in order to “take a lot of ground and take down a lot of political resistance.” [99]

In November 2023, NHS England awarded Palantir a £330 million contract to create and manage the Federated Data Platform.[100]

Europe[edit]

The Danish POL-INTEL predictive policing project has been operational since 2017 and is based on the Gotham system. According to the AP the Danish system "uses a mapping system to build a so-called heat map identifying areas with higher crime rates." The Gotham system has also been used by German state police in Hesse and Europol.[54]

The Norwegian Customs is using Palantir Gotham to screen passengers and vehicles for control. Known inputs are prefiled freight documents, passenger lists, the national Currency Exchange database (tracks all cross-border currency exchanges), the Norwegian Welfare Administrations employer- and employee-registry, the Norwegian stock holder registry and 30 public databases from InfoTorg. InfoTorg provides access to more than 30 databases, including the Norwegian National Citizen registry, European Business Register, the Norwegian DMV vehicle registry, various credit databases etc. These databases are supplemented by the Norwegian Customs Departments own intelligence reports, including results of previous controls. The system is also augmented by data from public sources such as social media.[101]

Ukraine[edit]

Palantir's technology is used close to the front line.[102] It is used to shorten the "kill chain" in Russo-Ukrainian War.[103] According to a December 2022 report by The Times, Palantir's AI has allowed Ukraine to increase the accuracy, speed, and deadliness of its artillery strikes.[104] Ukraine's prosecutor general's office also planned to utilize Palantir's software to help it prosecute alleged war crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[105]

Israel[edit]

The London office of Palantir was the target of demonstrations by pro-Palestine protesters in December 2023 after it was awarded a large contract to manage NHS data. The protesters accused Palantir of being "complicit" in war crimes during the 2023 Israel-Hamas war because it provides the Israel Defence Force(IDF) with intelligence and surveillance services, including a form of predictive policing.[68] In January 2024, Palantir agreed to a strategic partnership with the IDF under which it will provide the IDF with services to assist its "war-related missions".[106]

Partnerships and contracts[edit]

International Business Machines[edit]

On February 8, 2021, Palantir and IBM announced a new partnership that would use IBM's hybrid cloud data platform alongside Palantir's operations platform for building applications. The product, Palantir for IBM Cloud Pak for Data, is expected to simplify the process of building and deploying AI-integrated applications with IBM Watson. It will help businesses/users interpret and use large datasets without needing a strong technical background. Palantir for IBM Cloud Pak for Data will be available for general use in March 2021.[107]

Amazon (AWS)[edit]

On March 5, 2021, Palantir announced its partnership with Amazon AWS. Palantir's ERP Suite was optimized to run on Amazon Web Services. The ERP suite was used by BP.[108]

Babylon Health[edit]

Palantir took a stake in Babylon Health in June 2021. Ali Parsa told the Financial Times that "nobody" has brought some of the tech that Palantir owns "into the realm of biology and health care".[61]

Controversies[edit]

Algorithm development[edit]

i2 Inc sued Palantir in Federal Court alleging fraud, conspiracy, and copyright infringement over Palantir's algorithm. Shyam Sankar, Palantir's director of business development, used a private eye company as the cutout for obtaining i2's code. i2 settled out of court for $10 million in 2011.[57]

WikiLeaks proposals (2010)[edit]

In 2010, Hunton & Williams LLP allegedly asked Berico Technologies, Palantir, and HBGary Federal to draft a response plan to "the WikiLeaks Threat." In early 2011 Anonymous publicly released HBGary-internal documents, including the plan. The plan proposed that Palantir software would "serve as the foundation for all the data collection, integration, analysis, and production efforts."[109] The plan also included slides, allegedly authored by HBGary CEO Aaron Barr, which suggested "[spreading] disinformation" and "disrupting" Glenn Greenwald's support for WikiLeaks.[110]

Palantir CEO Karp ended all ties to HBGary and issued a statement apologizing to "progressive organizations ... and Greenwald ... for any involvement that we may have had in these matters." Palantir placed an employee on leave pending a review by a third-party law firm. The employee was later reinstated.[109]

Racial discrimination lawsuit (2016)[edit]

On September 26, 2016, the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs of the U.S. Department of Labor filed a lawsuit against Palantir alleging that the company discriminated against Asian job applicants on the basis of their race.[111] According to the lawsuit, the company "routinely eliminated" Asian applicants during the hiring process, even when they were "as qualified as white applicants" for the same jobs.[112] Palantir settled the suit in April 2017 for $1.7 million while not admitting wrongdoing.[113]

British Parliament inquiry (2018)[edit]

During questioning in front of the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, Christopher Wylie, the former research director of Cambridge Analytica, said that several meetings had taken place between Palantir and Cambridge Analytica, and that Alexander Nix, the chief executive of SCL, had facilitated their use of Aleksandr Kogan's data which had been obtained from his app "thisisyourdigitallife" by mining personal surveys. Kogan later established Global Science Research to share the data with Cambridge Analytica and others. Wylie confirmed that both employees from Cambridge Analytica and Palantir used Kogan's Global Science Research and harvested Facebook data together in the same offices.[114][115]

ICE partnership (since 2014)[edit]

Palantir has come under criticism due to its partnership developing software for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Palantir has responded that its software is not used to facilitate deportations. In a statement provided to the New York Times,[116] the firm implied that because its contract was with HSI, a division of ICE focused on investigating criminal activities, it played no role in deportations. However, documents obtained by The Intercept[83] show that this is not the case. According to these documents, Palantir's ICM software is considered 'mission critical' to ICE. Other groups critical of Palantir include the Brennan Center for Justice,[117] National Immigration Project,[118] the Immigrant Defense Project,[119] the Tech Workers Coalition and Mijente.[120] In one internal ICE report[121] Mijente acquired, it was revealed that Palantir's software was critical in an operation to arrest the parents of children residing illegally.

On September 28, 2020, Amnesty International released a report criticizing Palantir failure to conduct human rights due diligence around its contracts with ICE. Concerns around Palantir's rights record were being scrutinized for contributing to human rights violations of asylum-seekers and migrants.[122][123]

"HHS Protect Now" and privacy concerns (since 2020)[edit]

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has prompted tech companies to respond to growing demand for citizen information from governments in order to conduct contact tracing and to analyze patient data.[124] Consequently, data collection companies, such as Palantir, have been contracted to partake in pandemic data collection practices. Palantir's participation in "HHS Protect Now", a program launched by the United States Department of Health and Human Services to track the spread of the coronavirus, has attracted criticism from American lawmakers.[125]

Palantir's participation in COVID-19 response projects re-ignited debates over its controversial involvement in tracking illegal immigrants, especially its alleged effects on digital inequality and potential restrictions on online freedoms. Critics allege that confidential data acquired by HHS could be exploited by other federal agencies in unregulated and potentially harmful ways.[125] Alternative proposals request greater transparency in the process to determine whether any of the data aggregated would be shared with the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement to single out illegal immigrants.[125]

Project Maven (since 2018)[edit]

After Google had issues with employees walking out concerning the new contract in partnership with the Pentagon, Project Maven, a secret artificial intelligence program aimed at the unmanned operation of aerial vehicles, was taken up by Palantir. Critics warned that the technology could lead to autonomous weapons that decide who to strike without human input.[84]

Leadership[edit]

Jamie Fly, former Radio Free Europe president and CEO, serves as senior counselor to the CEO.[126]

Matthew Turpin, former director for China at the White House National Security Council and senior advisor for China to the Secretary of Commerce during the Trump administration, serves as senior advisor.[127][128]

Ownership[edit]

The largest shareholder of Palantir in early 2024 were:[69]

Shareholder namePercentage
The Vanguard Group9.4%
Peter Thiel7.2%
BlackRock4.7%
SOMPO Holdings3.9%
Alex Karp[129]2.5%
Renaissance Technologies2.1%
State Street Corporation1.9%
Geode Capital Management1.4%
Jane Street Capital1.1%
Eaton Vance1.1%
D. E. Shaw & Co.1.0%
Others66.2%

See also[edit]

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1인당 명목 GDP, 한국에도 뽑힌다 일본보다 풍부한 나라에 사는 것은 세계에서 몇억명 있는 것인가? 1인당 명목 GDP, 한국에도 뽑힌다 일본보다 풍부한 나라에 사는 것은 세계에서 수억명 있는 것인가? 다케우치 간  경제학자.이치바시 대학 경제학 연...